INTRODUCTION

Decorative arts - a vast area creative activity person. Products made of ceramics, wood, glass, textiles are the oldest products of human labor and creativity, they mark the progressive development of civilization and culture at all stages of history. Having arisen at the earliest time in the development of human society, arts and crafts for many centuries was the most important, and for a number of tribes and nationalities the main area artistic creativity. However, the role and importance of decorative art in the general cultural process is still underestimated. In the world history of art, it is usually not singled out as a special area of ​​​​aesthetic activity, but is considered only in its utilitarian function: as the design of subject products and the living environment, as a product of handicraft or industrial production. In principle, this is true: the decorative arts are closely related to material production and architecture. It is difficult to agree that the cultural level of an era is determined only by pictorial views arts and architecture, and artistic items - furniture, dishes, textiles, jewelry - only serve the everyday needs of people and shine with the reflected light of "high arts".

This paper sets the goal of a comprehensive study of modern domestic decorative art, establishes the problem of the development of mass production in the context of the socio-cultural situation in Russia in the 20th century.

The following tasks are set in the work:

Principles of modern shaping of subject and decorative products;

Their influence on the composition of the artistic style of the objective world and the living environment

The specific place of decorative art in the visual culture of the modern era is noted.

RESEARCH SECTION

History of Arts and Crafts

Folk arts and crafts is the result of creativity of many generations of craftsmen. It is one in its artistic structure and unusually diverse in their national characteristics, which are manifested in everything from the choice (use) of the material to the interpretation of pictorial forms.

Born among farmers, pastoralists, hunters, folk art throughout the history of its development is associated with nature, the laws of its renewal, the manifestation of its life-giving forces.

The very existence of a person is inseparable from nature, which provides material for housing and clothing, food, determines the rhythm human life change of day and night, alternation of seasons. Because all this is reflected in the works folk art constituting a holistic phenomenon of the culture of each people.

The well-known statement that folk art is firmly connected with everyday life concerns not only arts and crafts. Songs and dances, epics and fairy tales are also inseparable from Everyday life people, because they embodied dreams of beauty, ideas about a better life, about good and evil, about the harmony of the world. In harvest festivals, seeing off winter, meeting spring, in various ceremonies and rituals, the creative principle manifested itself in a complex, multifunctional way. In this regard, folk art is called syncretic, i.e. uniting different functions of objects and connecting them with everyday life(Appendix, Fig. 1).

And today, art products made by folk craftsmen from various materials serve as an indispensable part of a person's daily life. They entered life as necessary items performing certain utilitarian functions. These are floor carpets and ceramic dishes, woven bedspreads and embroidered tablecloths, wooden toys and decorations for women's clothing. Their well-thought-out shape and proportions, the pattern of the ornament and the color of the material itself characterize the aesthetics of these things, their artistic content, turn a utilitarian object into a work of art. All such products belong to the field of decorative and applied arts, in the sphere of which they find an organic unity of the spiritual and material principles of creativity. The world of this area is vast.

Many art objects are produced by enterprises equipped with advanced technology, which makes it possible to make things in large quantities. But in them there is a mechanical repetition of the original sample. This type of production is called the art industry. Adjacent to it, but noticeably different in the nature of products, are folk art crafts, in which the appearance of an object, the formation of its artistic features depend on the manual creative work of the master artist, which determines final result. That is why the significance of the master is so great in folk art. The artistic level of the thing he creates depends on how he masters his craft, how he uses his knowledge and practical skills.

As a result of this development of folk art, the shape of products was polished, beautiful and meaningful ornamental motifs were preserved, and a artistic tradition as a system of worldview of folk craftsmen and as a handicraft basis of creativity.

All these features that characterize folk arts and crafts were manifested in the course of its historical development. Coming from the depths of centuries, the creative development of the material, the improvement of the function of each object led to the endowment of the thing with additional significance. For example, a lock in the shape of a lion was supposed to enhance, according to the master, the protective function of this household item. The ornament in the form of a hoop, encircling the body of the lathe, visually strengthened the shape.

Folk arts and crafts not everywhere and not at the same time switched to functioning in the form of crafts. They arose only where there were appropriate economic conditions (steady demand, a sufficient amount of local raw materials, etc.). The most active development

Even before the revolution, the artel form of housekeeping was tested by masters of the Moscow Region and a number of other centers of folk art. So, after the ruin of the owners of the craft of the Fedoskino miniature, the craftsmen organized an artel in 1903, thanks to which the core of creatively working painters was preserved, and the art of craft did not die out (Appendix, Fig. 3).

In the 1920-1930s. the process of creating cooperative industrial artels of an artistic profile continued. New productions arose, but the main attention was paid to strengthening traditional crafts in areas where the ancient centers of folk art united several settlements. The production of products with Khokhloma painting on wood was restored on a large scale in the Nizhny Novgorod region, the manufacture of handmade lace in the Vologda region. New types of products were also born. So, the masters of the former icon-painting crafts switched to work in the field lacquer miniature. Painting on papier-mache by the masters of the village of Palekh, Ivanovo region, already in the first works, was highly appreciated by the largest scholars and researchers of folk art.

By the early 1960s, supplies of art products for export were being restored. In the future, a number of decrees were issued to promote the development of crafts. In particular, it is accepted important decision about attracting homeworkers to work. It not only made it possible to expand the staff, but also made it possible to create entire associations of craftsmen working at home in many Union republics. Masters of artistic crafts are provided with a number of economic benefits. In accordance with the tasks set in the directive documents, expeditions, competitions, gatherings of masters, crafts festivals began to be held regularly. Such an integrated approach to enhancing the creativity of masters, promoting their achievements allowed each nation to see the values ​​of its national culture, to attract young people to the craft, which makes it possible to show their abilities. That is why the number of young people who want to enter special educational institutions is increasing every year.

Elegance, artistic content of handicrafts creates an atmosphere of festivity, causes a person to be in high spirits. Products of folk craftsmen are indispensable attributes of our life, enliven the daily life of people, become the main " actors» on ceremonial occasions. Costumes in folk traditions - mandatory attributes folklore ensembles, fairs, special exhibitions. Finally, almost every thing created by craftsmen serves as a wonderful gift for any important event in life. individual person, family or team. And small, convenient things for transportation - souvenirs - signs of memory about national culture people and even the whole country.

Unlike faceless mass-produced products, handmade items are always unique. Masterfully crafted home stuff, clothes, interior elements are expensive. And if in the old days such things were utilitarian items, then today they have passed into the category of art. A beautiful thing made a good master, will always be valuable.

IN last years the development of applied art received a new impetus. This trend is encouraging. Fine tableware made of wood, metal, glass and clay, lace, textiles, Jewelry, embroidery, toys - after several decades of oblivion, all this has again become relevant, fashionable and in demand.

History of the Moscow Museum of Folk Art

In 1981, the Museum of Decorative, Applied and Folk Art was opened in Moscow, on Delegatskaya Street. His collection was made up of unique samples of products self made domestic masters of the past, as well as the best works contemporary artists.

The following happened in 1999 an important event - All-Russian Museum arts and crafts and folk art, he accepted into his collection the exhibits of the Museum of Folk Art named after Savva Timofeevich Morozov. The core of this collection was formed before the revolution of 1917. The basis for it was the exhibits of the very first Russian ethnographic museum. It was the so-called Handicraft Museum arts and crafts, opened in 1885.

The museum has a specialized library where you can get acquainted with rare books on the theory and history of art.

Museum collection

Traditional types of arts and crafts are systematized and divided into departments. Main thematic areas- these are ceramics and porcelain, glass, jewelry and metal, bone and wood carving, textiles, lacquer miniatures and fine materials.

The Museum of Decorative and Applied Arts in the open fund and storages has more than 120 thousand exhibits. Russian Art Nouveau is represented by the works of Vrubel, Konenkov, Golovin, Andreev and Malyutin. The collection of Soviet propaganda porcelain and fabrics of the second quarter of the last century is extensive.

Currently, this museum of folk arts and crafts is considered one of the most significant in the world. The most ancient exhibits of high artistic value date back to the 16th century. The museum's collection has always been actively replenished by donations from private individuals, as well as through the efforts of responsible officials of the state apparatus during the years of Soviet power.

Thus, the unique exposition of fabrics was formed largely thanks to the generosity of the French citizen P. M. Tolstoy-Miloslavsky, who presented the museum with a large collection of Russian, Oriental and European textiles, collected by N. L. Shabelskaya.

Two large collections porcelain were donated to the museum by prominent figures Soviet art- Leonid Osipovich Utyosov and spouses Maria Mironova and Alexander Menaker.

The Moscow Museum of Applied Arts boasts halls dedicated to the life of Russian people in different time periods. Here you can get acquainted with the dwellings of representatives of various classes. Furniture, utensils, clothes of peasants and urban residents, children's toys have been preserved, restored and put on display. Carved decorations of architraves and roof peaks, tiled stoves, chests, which served not only as convenient storage for things, but also as beds, as they were made of the appropriate size, conjure up pictures of the quiet, measured and well-fed life of the Russian hinterland.

Lacquer miniature

Lacquer miniature as an applied art greatest flourishing achieved in the 18th and 19th centuries. Cities famous for their icon-painting workshops became artistic centers that gave a residence permit to the main trends. These are Palekh, Mstyora, Kholuy and Fedoskino. Caskets, brooches, panels, chests made of papier-mâché were painted with oil paints or tempera and varnished. The drawings were stylized images of animals, plants, characters of fairy tales and epics. Artists, masters of lacquer miniatures, painted icons, made portraits to order, painted genre scenes. Each locality has developed its own style of writing, but almost all types of applied art in our country are united by such qualities as saturation and brightness of colors. Detailed elaboration of drawings, smooth and rounded lines - this is what distinguishes Russian miniatures. It is interesting that the images of decorative applied art of the past inspire contemporary artists as well. vintage drawings often used when creating fabrics for collections fashion clothes.

Art painting on wood

Khokhloma, Mezen and Gorodets painting are recognizable not only in Russia, but also abroad. Furniture, tuesas, boxes, spoons, bowls and other household utensils made of wood, painted in one of these techniques, is considered the personification of Russia. Light wooden utensils painted with black, red and Green colour on a golden background, it looks massive and heavy - this is a characteristic style of Khokhloma.

Gorodets products are distinguished by a multi-color palette of colors and a slightly smaller, compared to Khokhloma, roundness of forms. As plots, genre scenes are used, as well as all kinds of fictional and real representatives of the animal and plant world.

The arts and crafts of the Arkhangelsk region, in particular Mezen painting on wood, are utilitarian items decorated with special patterns. Mezen craftsmen use only two colors for their work - black and red, that is, soot and ocher, a fractional schematic drawing of tues, caskets and chests, friezes in the form of borders from repeating truncated figures of horses and deer. A static small, often repeated pattern evokes a feeling of movement. Mezen painting is one of the most ancient. The drawings that are used contemporary artists, are hieroglyphic inscriptions used by the Slavic tribes long before the emergence of the Russian state.

Wood craftsmen, before turning any object from a solid bar, treat the wood against cracking and drying out, so their products have a very long service life.

Zhostovo trays

Metal trays painted with flowers are the applied art of Zhostovo near Moscow. Once having an exclusively utilitarian purpose, Zhostovo trays have long served as interior decoration. Bright bouquets of large garden and small wild flowers on a black, green, red, blue or silver background are easily recognizable. characteristic Zhostovo bouquets now decorate metal boxes with tea, cookies or sweets.

Enamel

Such arts and crafts as enamel also refers to painting on metal. The most famous are the products of Rostov masters. Transparent refractory paints are applied to a copper, silver or gold plate, and then fired in a kiln. In the technique of hot enamel, as enamel is also called, jewelry, dishes, weapon handles and cutlery are made. Under the influence of high temperature, the paints change color, so the craftsmen must understand the intricacies of handling them. Most often, floral motifs are used as plots. The most experienced artists make miniatures with portraits of people and landscapes.

Majolica

The Moscow Museum of Applied Arts gives you the opportunity to see the works of recognized masters of world painting, made in a manner that is not quite characteristic of them. So, for example, in one of the halls there is Vrubel's majolica - a fireplace "Mikula Selyaninovich and Volga".

Majolica is a product made of red clay, painted on raw enamel and fired in a special oven at a very high temperature. In the Yaroslavl region, arts and crafts have become widespread and developed due to the large number of deposits of pure clay. Currently, in Yaroslavl schools, children are taught to work with this plastic material. Children's applied art is a second wind for ancient crafts, A New Look on folk traditions. However, this is not only a tribute national traditions. Working with clay develops fine motor skills, expands the angle of view, normalizes the psychosomatic state.

gzhel

Decorative and applied art, in contrast to fine art, involves a utilitarian, economic application. created by artists items. Porcelain teapots, flower and fruit vases, candlesticks, clocks, cutlery handles, plates and cups are all extremely fine and decorative. Based on Gzhel souvenirs, prints are made on knitted and textile materials. We used to think that Gzhel is a blue pattern on a white background, but initially Gzhel porcelain was multi-colored.

Embroidery

Fabric embroidery is one of the most ancient types of needlework. Initially, it was designed to decorate the clothes of the nobility, as well as fabrics intended for religious rituals. This folk arts and crafts came to us from the countries of the East. The robes of rich people were embroidered with colored silk, gold and silver threads, pearls, precious stones and coins. The most valuable is embroidery with small stitches, in which there is a feeling of a smooth, as if drawn with paints pattern. In Russia, embroidery quickly came into use. New technologies have emerged. In addition to the traditional satin stitch and cross stitch, they began to embroider with hems, that is, laying openwork paths along the voids formed by pulled out threads.

Dymkovo toys for children

IN pre-revolutionary Russia centers of folk crafts, in addition to utilitarian items, produced hundreds of thousands of children's toys. These were dolls, animals, dishes and furniture for children's fun, whistles. Decorative and applied art of this direction is still very popular.

The symbol of the Vyatka land - the Dymkovo toy - has no analogues in the world. Bright colorful young ladies, gentlemen, peacocks, carousels, goats are immediately recognizable. Not a single toy is repeated. On a snow-white background, red, blue, yellow, green, gold paints draw patterns in the form of circles, straight lines and wavy lines. All crafts are very harmonious. They radiate so powerful positive energy that everyone who picks up a toy is able to feel it. Maybe there is no need to place Chinese symbols of well-being in the form of three-legged toads, plastic red fish or money trees, but it is better to decorate the dwelling with products of Russian masters - Kargopol, Tula or Vyatka clay souvenirs, miniature wooden sculptures Nizhny Novgorod craftsmen. It cannot be that they do not attract love, prosperity, health and well-being to the family.

Filimonov toy

In the centers of children's creativity in many regions of our country, children are taught to sculpt from clay and paint crafts in the manner of folk crafts in central Russia. The children really like to work with such a convenient and plastic material as clay. They come up with new drawings in accordance with ancient traditions. This is how domestic applied art develops and remains in demand not only in tourist centers, but throughout the country.

Traveling exhibitions of Filimonovo toys are very popular in France. They travel around the country throughout the year and are accompanied by master classes. Whistle toys are purchased by museums in Japan, Germany and other countries. This craft, which has a permanent residence in the Tula region, is about 1000 years old. Primitively made, but painted with pink and green colors, they look very cheerful. The simplified form is explained by the fact that the toys have cavities inside with holes going out. If you blow into them, alternately closing different holes, you get a simple melody.

Pavlovo shawls

Cozy, feminine and very bright shawls of Pavlovo-Posad weavers became known all over the world thanks to the amazing fashion collection of Russian fashion designer Vyacheslav Zaitsev. He used traditional fabrics and patterns for women's dresses, men's shirts, other clothing and even shoes. The Pavlovsky Posad shawl is an accessory that can be inherited like a piece of jewelry. The durability and wear resistance of handkerchiefs are well known. They are made from high quality fine wool. Drawings do not fade in the sun, do not fade from washing and do not shrink. The fringe on the scarves is made by specially trained craftsmen - all cells of the openwork mesh are tied in knots at the same distance from each other. The drawing represents flowers on a red, blue, white, black, green background.

Vologda lace

World-famous Vologda lace is woven using birch or juniper bobbins from cotton or linen threads. In this way, measuring tape, bedspreads, shawls and even dresses are made. Vologda lace is a narrow strip, which is the main line of the pattern. The voids are filled with nets and bugs. The traditional color is white.

Applied art does not stand still. Development and change happen all the time. I must say that by the beginning of the last century, under the influence of a developing industry, industrial manufactories appeared, equipped with high-speed electric machines, the concept of mass production arose. Folk applied art started to decline. Only in the middle of the last century were traditional Russian crafts restored. In art centers such as Tula, Vladimir, Gus-Khrustalny, Arkhangelsk, Rostov, Zagorsk and others, vocational schools were built and opened, qualified teachers were trained and new young masters were trained.

Modern types of needlework and creativity

People travel, get acquainted with the cultures of other nations, learn the craft. From time to time, new types of arts and crafts appear. Scrapbooking, origami, quilling and others have become such novelties for our country.

At one time, concrete walls and fences blossomed with a variety of drawings and inscriptions made in a highly artistic manner. Graffiti, or spray art, is modern reading ancient type of rock art. You can laugh all you want teenage hobbies, which, of course, includes graffiti, but look at the photos on the Internet or walk around your own city, and you will find truly highly artistic work.

scrapbooking

The design of notebooks, books and albums that exist in a single copy is called scrapbooking. In general, this activity is not entirely new. Albums designed to preserve the history of a family, city or individual for posterity have been created before. The modern vision of this art is the creation art books with illustrations by the authors, as well as the use of computers with various graphic, musical, photo and other editors.

Quilling and origami

Quilling, translated into Russian as "paper rolling", is used to create panels, to decorate postcards, photo frames, etc. The technique consists in twisting thin strips of paper and gluing them onto the base. The smaller the fragment, the more elegant and decorative the craft.

Origami, like quilling, is paper work. Only origami is work with square sheets of paper, from which all kinds of shapes are formed.

As a rule, all crafts associated with papermaking have Chinese roots. Asian arts and crafts were originally the entertainment of the nobility. The poor were not engaged in the creation of beautiful things. Their destiny is agriculture, cattle breeding and all kinds of dirty work. The Europeans, having adopted the basics of technology, which historically is a very small and delicate work with rice paper, transferred art to conditions convenient for them.

Chinese products are distinguished by an abundance of very small details that look monolithic and very elegant. Such work is only possible experienced craftsmen. In addition, thin paper ribbons can be twisted into a tight and even coil only with the help of special tools. European handicraft lovers somewhat modified and simplified the ancient Chinese craft. Paper, curled in spirals of various sizes and densities, has become a popular decoration for cardboard boxes, vases for dried flowers, frames and panels.

Speaking of arts and crafts, it would be unfair to ignore such crafts as silk painting, or batik, print, or embossing, that is, metal painting, carpet weaving, beading, macrame, knitting. Something is becoming a thing of the past, and something else is becoming so fashionable and popular that even industrial enterprises are setting up the production of equipment for this type of creativity.

Preserving old crafts and demonstrating the best examples in museums is a good deed that will always serve as a source of inspiration for people. creative professions and will help everyone else to join the beautiful.

Decorative and applied art has its roots in the depths of centuries. Man has been creating aesthetically valuable objects throughout his development, reflecting material and spiritual interests in them, therefore, works of arts and crafts are inseparable from the time when they were created. In its basic meaning, the term "arts and crafts" means the design of household items that surround a person all his life: furniture, fabrics, weapons, dishes, jewelry, clothes - i.e. everything that forms the environment with which he daily comes into contact. All things that a person uses should be not only comfortable and practical, but also beautiful.

This concept was formed in human culture not right away. Initially, what surrounds a person in everyday life was not perceived as having aesthetic value, although beautiful things have always surrounded a person. Even in the Stone Age, household items and weapons were decorated with ornaments and notches, a little later jewelry made of bone, wood and metal appeared, a wide variety of materials were used for work - clay and leather, wood and gold, glass and plant fibers, claws and teeth of animals.

The painting covered dishes and fabrics, clothes were decorated with embroidery, notches and chasing were applied to weapons and dishes, jewelry was made from almost any material. But a person did not think about the fact that the usual things that surround him all his life can be called art and distinguished in separate course. But already in the Renaissance, the attitude towards everyday objects began to change. This was caused by the awakening of people's interests in the past, associated with the cult of antiquity that arose at that time. At the same time, interest arose in housing as an object equivalent in terms of aesthetic value to other objects of art. greatest development arts and crafts reaches in the era of baroque and classicism. Very often, the simple, practically convenient form of an object was hidden behind exquisite decorations - painting, ornamentation, embossing.

In the highly artistic works of the masters of Ancient Rus', the plastic principle was manifested in everything: spoons and cups were distinguished by sculptural forms, impeccable proportions, ladles usually took the form of a bird - a duck or a swan, the head and neck served as a handle. Such a metaphor had a magical meaning, and the ritual meaning determined the traditional character and stability of such a form in folk life. Gold chains, a monista of elegant medallions, colored beads, pendants, wide silver bracelets, precious rings, fabrics decorated with embroidery - all this gave the festive women's dress multicolor and richness. Painting a jug with patterns, decorating a cutting board with carvings, weaving patterns on fabric - all this requires great skill. Probably, such products decorated with ornaments are also classified as decorative and applied art because it is necessary to apply hands and soul to make amazing beauty.

Modern artistic process is complex and multifaceted, just as modern reality is complex and multifaceted. Art, understandable to everyone, surrounds us everywhere - at home and in back office, at the enterprise and in the park, in public buildings - theaters, galleries, museums. Everything - from rings, bracelets and coffee sets to a complete thematic complex of works of arts and crafts for large public building- carries a variety of artistic searches of masters, who subtly feel the decorative purpose of the object, organize and fill our life with beauty.

In order to create the comforts necessary for a person and at the same time to decorate his life, artists strive to ensure that all things that are used in everyday life, not only corresponded to their purpose, but were also beautiful, stylish and original.

And beauty and benefit are always nearby when the masters take up the matter, and from the most different materials(wood, metal, glass, clay, stone, etc.) create household items that are works of art.

The role of arts and crafts in the life of the people

2.2 The role of arts and crafts in modern society

In order to understand whether such a strange situation with the DPI arose by chance or not by chance, it is necessary to recall the thirties and fifties of the twentieth century - a long period of formation of "unions Soviet artists". It was then that when the Moscow Union of Artists and the Union of Artists of the USSR were created, sections of painters, graphic artists, sculptors, decorators, muralists and "applied artists" were allocated on an equal footing.

Probably, when solving organizational issues of the unions, all these sections really enjoyed equal rights. But the confusion had already begun. Sokolov K.F. Religion Slavic peoples. Vol. 1, 2 / Moscow, 1994 - 1995.

The fact is that it is not easy to name a painter who has never designed any museum, exhibition, church or cultural center in his life. Or a sculptor who worked exclusively in easel plastic and did not set a single monumental work. Or a graphic artist who has never illustrated a single book.

And so it happened that among the "equal" sections there were three "most equal" - painters, graphic artists and sculptors, who could engage in their "high" easel art, and at the same time do everything that, in theory, belonged to the competence of muralists and designers. And, of course, no one could forbid members of the "applied" sections to engage in "easel painting", but at mass all-Union exhibitions they could only count on "peripheral" halls, and purchases from them easel works was the exception rather than the rule.

Therefore, any artist who at least once in his life tried himself in easel painting, graphics or sculpture (and how could it be without this?), first of all, he tried to join sections that formed "art in the narrow sense." And if for some reason it didn’t work out, he went “to the outskirts” - to the monumentalists or designers. There were, of course, exceptions to this rule, but only for subjective reasons - if, for example, all the artist N's friends had already joined the Moscow Union of Artists as designers, then why did N try to go into painting or graphics with a huge risk of "rolling" at the reception commissions? It's better to go straight to yours...

There were also exceptions of a different kind: in the history of each of the “unions of Soviet artists”, as in the current Russian creative unions, there are periods when muralists or designers were “at the helm”. But these situations were and are exclusively subjective.

In fairness, we note that the division into painters and graphic artists was just as conditional and subjective. For example, what painter has never painted in watercolor and never picked up pastel?

But the assignment of the painter to the graphics, although it meant the impossibility of being in the honorary center of any all-Union (and now all-Russian) exposition, was still not tantamount to falling out of "art in the narrow sense" - fine art.

As we have already seen, muralists and designers did not lose the right to be called painters and graphic artists and, accordingly, did not fall out of “art in the narrow sense” either. Sculptors-monumentalists never stood out from the “general sculptural community”.

But the “appliers” were the least fortunate. They turned out to be the eternal "second grade". It turned out that jewelers, ceramists and glass artists are not sculptors, and miniaturists are not painters. On the lush and spreading tree of Soviet official recognition, at best, the title of “Honored Artist” or “Honored Worker of Arts” shone for them. People's Artist The USSR, a corresponding member, and even more so a full member of the Academy of Arts - these "heights" were sky-high for them. Moreover, for the vast majority of “applied” workers, “free swimming” was practically excluded (orders from official organizations, Ministry of Culture purchases from exhibitions, etc.) - they were forced to either earn money through “folk crafts” or “leftist”.

After the collapse of Soviet power, the formal restrictions on the activities of "appliers" disappeared, but the stigma of "second-rate" remained. Quite recently, a painter friend of mine, who applied for admission to the Moscow Union of Artists, was offered to join the DPI section only because he had the imprudence to bring to the selection committee not photographs of his easel works, but printed postcards with their reproductions. And if in our time there were no “alternative” unions of artists, this painter would have remained an “applied artist”. Ramzin V.M.,. Meet the Slavs. Moscow, 1992.

So where does this a priori “second-rate applicators” come from, and is it justified?

It is very likely that under the conditions of the monopoly domination of the Soviet distribution system, such “second-class” status had certain reasons.

"Historically" - from the XVIII to the beginning of the XX century - Russian jewelers, glassblowers, ceramists, embroiderers and other "applied workers" were largely "impersonal". The general public knew only the names of the owners of factories and workshops, and almost all craftsmen - even the most talented ones - extremely rarely had the opportunity to show their author's individuality.

Regarding painters and sculptors Imperial Academy arts, rigidly imposing its own style and "rules of the game", almost never allowed depersonalization, retaining for history the names of even many "apprentices". And the vast majority of "ordinary" masters of the jewelry, glass and porcelain industries Russian Empire irretrievably sunk into oblivion. The unprecedented rise of the author's "decorative and applied art of the USSR" occurred only at the end of the fifties of the twentieth century.

And in the 1930s-1950s, the leaders creative unions and their curators from the party bodies quite sincerely (in any case, in accordance with the "imperial" tradition) tried to separate the "sheep from the goats" - "genuine creators" from "handicraftsmen".

It was then that the division of artists into "clean and impure" - "easel painters" and "applied artists" arose. In theory, “real Soviet” painters and sculptors were not supposed to earn extra money in folk crafts and make toys (the fact that many actually real artists were forced to earn extra money as loaders and stokers is now out of the question). Yes, and churning out "clones" of their works, putting their paintings and sculptures on the industrial stream, in theory, "real artists" should not have been - but for the "applied artist" this seems to be in the order of things.

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Felt production is a complex process that requires certain skills. Wool was used to make household items and clothes. Wool was the main raw material for making soft home interiors. From harvesting wool, laying it out on a mat...

Decorative - applied art.

Decorative and Applied Arts (DPI) - the art of making household items that have artistic and aesthetic qualities and are intended not only for practical use, but also for decorating dwellings, architectural structures, parks, etc.

The whole life of primitive tribes and civilizations was connected with paganism. People worshiped various deities, objects - grass, the sun, a bird, a tree. To "appease" some gods and "drive away" evil spirits, ancient man, building a house, he necessarily supplemented it with "amulets" - a relief, platbands on the windows, animals and geometric signs that have a symbolic and iconic meaning. Clothing necessarily protected the owner from evil spirits with a strip of ornament on the sleeves, hem and collar, and all dishes had a ritual ornament.

But since ancient times, it was also characteristic of man to strive for beauty in his surroundings. objective world, so the images began to take on an increasingly aesthetic appearance. Gradually losing their original meaning, they began to decorate a thing more than carry some kind of magical information. applied to fabrics embroidered patterns, ceramics were decorated with ornaments and images, first extruded and scratched, then applied with clay of a different color. Later, colored glazes and enamels were used for this purpose. Metal products were cast in figured molds, covered with embossing and notching.

The arts and crafts are and artistically made furniture, dishes, clothes, carpets, embroidery, jewelry, toys and other items, as well as ornamental paintings and sculptural decorative trim interiors and facades of buildings, facing ceramics, stained-glass windows, etc. Intermediate forms between DPI and easel art are very common - panels, tapestries, plafonds, decorative statues, etc. - which are part of the architectural whole, complement it, but can also be considered separately, as independent works of art. Sometimes in a vase or other object, it is not functionality that comes first, but beauty.

The development of applied art was affected by the living conditions, the life of each people, the natural and climatic conditions of their habitat. DPI is one of ancient species art. For many centuries, it has developed among the people in the form of folk arts and crafts.

Embroidery. It takes its origins in ancient times, when bone and then bronze needles were used. Embroidered on linen, cotton, woolen clothes. In China and Japan they embroidered with colored silk, in India, Iran, Turkey - with gold. Embroidered ornaments, flowers, animals. Even within the same country, there were completely different types of embroidery depending on the area and the people living there, such as, for example, red thread embroidery, colored embroidery, cross-stitch, satin stitch, etc. Motives and color often depended on the purpose of the object, festive or everyday.

Application. Multi-colored pieces of fabric, paper, leather, fur, straw are sewn or glued onto a material of a different color or dressing. Application in folk art, especially of the peoples of the North, is extremely interesting. Application decorate panels, tapestries, curtains. Often the application is performed simply as an independent work.

Stained glass. This is a storyline decorative composition from colored glass or other material that transmits light. In a classic stained glass window, individual pieces of colored glass were interconnected by spacers made of the softest material - lead. Such are the stained-glass windows of many cathedrals and churches in Europe and Russia. Also used was the technique of painting on colorless or colored glass with silicate paints, which were then fixed by light firing. In the 20th century stained-glass windows were made of transparent plastics.

Modern stained glass is used not only in churches, but also in residential premises, theaters, hotels, shops, subways, etc.

Painting. Compositions made with paints on the surface of fabrics, wooden, ceramic, metal and other products. Murals are plot and ornamental. They are widely used in folk art and serve as decoration for souvenirs or household items.

Ceramics. Products and materials made of clay and various mixtures with it. The name comes from the area in Greece, which was the center of pottery production since ancient times, i.e. for the manufacture of pottery and utensils. Ceramics is also called facing tiles, often covered with paintings. The main types of ceramics are clay, terracotta, majolica, faience, porcelain, stone mass.

Lace. Openwork products from threads. According to the technique of execution, they are divided into manual (woven on turned sticks - bobbins, sewn with a needle, crocheted or knitting) and machine-made.

Weaving from birch bark, straw, vines, bast, leather, thread, etc. one of the oldest types of decorative and applied art (known since the Neolithic). Mostly weaving was used to make dishes, furniture, bodies, toys, boxes.

Thread. Way artistic processing materials, in which sculptural figures are cut out with a special cutting tool or some kind of image is made on a smooth surface. In Rus', woodcarving was the most common. She covered the platbands of houses, furniture, tools. There is a carved sculpture made of bone, stone, gypsum, etc. Many carvings are ornaments (stones, gold, bronze, copper, etc.) and weapons (wood, stone, metals).