At present USE time in literature was not included in the list of mandatory tests at the end of school. However, the results of this state exam are necessary in order to enter various specialties of Russian higher educational institutions. It can be philology or journalism, television, as well as vocal and acting art. Our article will tell you in detail what you need to know in order to pass literature (USE).
Exam features
In 2017, there were active rumors that the structure of the graduation test in literature would be significantly transformed. But in September of the same year, it became known that this testing had undergone a minimum number of changes. Nevertheless, in one of her interviews, Minister of Education Olga Vasilyeva said that another, more promising model of the state exam, which was developed by leading experts from the Institute of Pedagogical Measurements, would come into force next year. Thus, from KIMs were excluded test tasks. Now for literature? Let's figure it out together.
Why were tests removed?
In the opinion of the developers, tasks with a choice of answers for students do not present any difficulty. They are just an extra element for evaluation. In such tasks, there is a huge share of the probability of guessing the correct answer, and the experts of the Institute of Pedagogical Measurements fundamentally disagree with this.
In addition, it became known that graduates will no longer see questions and assignments in the literature exam. open nature, where they must give an answer in the form of a single word or a sequence of numbers. Thus, graduates lose the opportunity to score points for knowledge of literary terms. Therefore, C students will not be able to get off with “little bloodshed” by passing one part of the exam. In 2018, graduates are expected to demonstrate their ability to beautifully and clearly express their own thoughts.
Test requirements. Compositions
It is known that at the exam in literature it is necessary to write several essays. Developers of control and measuring materials have increased the minimum volume of the "main" essay. In previous years, this volume was at least 200 words, but already in 2018, a graduate will be required to write a text 50 words more than in previous years.
The specialists of the institute specified the requirements for mini-essays for the next year. They must be at least 50 words. Since 2018, such a requirement applies not only to the question of text analysis, but also to comparative tasks. Future graduates have a natural question: “What do you need to pass the literature (USE)?” Therefore, we are smoothly moving on to the recommendations.
How to pass the exam in literature?
In order to get the maximum on testing, firstly, you need to read all the literature that is required to pass the exam. Keep in mind that reading will take you a lot of time and effort. And what literature you need to read in order to pass the exam, we will tell a little later.
Secondly, there are a huge number of manuals on sale in bookstores that guarantee passing the exam without much knowledge and effort. You can buy all these compilations, but in fact, you should not expect real success. However, if you solve the problems in these books, then it will be much easier for you to answer questions on the exam.
Thirdly, there is an opinion that an interested and competent teacher is able to teach his ward everything necessary in order to pass the exam. Asking in advance how to pass the exam in literature, students hire tutors.
Fourthly, among schoolchildren and students there are a huge number of rituals and signs that allegedly help to pass exams. In fact, nothing to do with the real world these rituals do not. But by doing them, perhaps you will feel more confident in the exam.
Alumni experience
We present to your attention the experience of students of the Faculty of Philology, who give recommendations and explain how to pass the exam in literature. As a rule, on September 1, eleventh graders go to the bookstore and buy a huge number of collections of books. this subject. Current students are advised to buy collections of past years, since the structure of control and measuring materials does not actually change, and their price is much less. Many perform tasks with such frequency as some solve crossword puzzles. There are schoolchildren who do not have the theoretical base necessary for writing essays. But they make plans, where they write out abstracts. Over time, this becomes a habit that a person uses today, studying at the institute.
It should be noted that many universities often enroll for USE preparation courses in various subjects. Many recommend attending these classes. As a rule, you need to go to lectures once a week, which last about two hours. There is a lot of work before the exam: you need to constantly write and read in order to come to class already prepared. In addition, they often come to the rescue school teachers on literature. Teachers share with alumni theoretical materials, as well as the experience of specialists who check examination papers. Thus, many students pass the exam with a hundred points.
A few words about the list of fiction
As mentioned above, the list of literature to pass the exam in literature is rather big. It is pointless to publish this list, since it is in every collection for passing the exam. In any case, you need to know ancient Russian literature, as well as texts written in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. It is necessary to know and understand the school works of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Fet, Nekrasov, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Ostrovsky, Tyutchev, Chekhov, Bunin, Akhmatova, Tsvetaeva, Gorky, Yesenin, Pasternak, Mandelstam, Mayakovsky, Blok, Sholokhov, Bulgakov, Tvardovsky, Solzhenitsyn and other writers whose texts are included in the list of fiction studied in classes from 5 to 11 grade.
conclusions
At the beginning of this article, there was a question about the difficulty of passing the exam. It is not easy to answer it, since the concept of complexity is relative. For some children it is difficult to write essays, for others it is difficult to analyze a literary text. In any case, the exam is a test for which you need to prepare in good faith in order to get the desired result.
Thanks to our article, now you know how to pass the exam in literature and what you need to do to get a good result. Remember that teachers who check essays expect graduates to have a conscious understanding of the problem and a clear vision of the author's position. Also, the person being certified must be oriented in genres and literary terms. We wish you success!
The minimum program of preparation courses for the Unified State Examination in Literature is designed for 30 lessons.
Topics correspond to USE codifier on literature.
pay attention to volume what needs to be read and understood. Start preparing early.
1. Requirements for performing USE tests in literature: structure, types of tasks, forms of forms. Manuals and textbooks.
General concepts of the course:
Fiction as the art of the word;
Oral folk art and literature. Genres of oral folk art;
Artistic image. artistic time and space;
Content and form. Poetics;
The author's idea and its implementation. artistic fiction. Fantastic.
Checking students' knowledge (primary test).
2. Basic concepts of the theory of literature.
Literary genera: epic, lyrics, drama;
Literature genres: novel, epic novel, story, short story, essay, parable; poem, ballad; lyric poem, song, elegy, message, epigram, ode, sonnet; comedy, tragedy, drama.
Author's position. Subject. Idea. Issues.
Plot. Composition.
Antithesis.
Stages of action development: exposition, plot, climax, denouement, epilogue.
Lyrical digression.
Conflict.
Author-narrator. Author image. Character. Character. Type. Lyrical hero. Image system.
Portrait. Scenery. Speaking last name. Remark.
"Eternal Themes" and " eternal images" in literature.
Pathos. Plot.
Speech characteristics of the hero: dialogue, monologue; inner speech.
Tale.
3. Basic concepts of the theory of literature.
Detail. Symbol. Subtext.
Psychologism. Nationality. Historicism.
Tragic and comic. Satire, humor, irony, sarcasm. Grotesque.
The language of a work of art. A rhetorical question. Aphorism. Inversion. Repeat. Anaphora. Figurative and expressive means in a work of art: comparison, epithet, metaphor (including personification), metonymy. Hyperbola. Allegory.
Sound writing: alliteration, assonance.
Historical and literary process. Literary trends and currents (general information).
Activation of knowledge of texts.
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign" is a monument of ancient Russian literature. Features of the genre, themes and problems.
4. Classicism in Russian literature XVIII century.
The ideas of classicism in the work of Lomonosov, Derzhavin and Fonvizin. The concept of "enlightenment literature".
Prose and poetry. Rhyme. Systems of versification.
Poetic sizes: trochee, iambic, dactyl, amphibrach, anapaest. Rhythm. Rhyme. Stanza.
Poem by G. R. Derzhavin "Monument". Principles of analysis of the poem.
5. Russian drama of the era of classicism.
Comedy D. I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth".
Principles of analysis of epic/dramatic text fragments.
6. Literary trends and methods in Russian literature of the first half of XIX V.
A. S. Griboyedov's play "Woe from Wit".
Features of classicism, romanticism and realism in the play.
Relationship between composition and story. Deepening the concepts of "hero", " main character", "character system".
7. Analysis of fragments of the text of Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit".
The concept of literary criticism.
Goncharov's article "A million torments". Tasks C1-C2.
8. Test №1.
Basic concepts of the theory of literature.
Old Russian literature.
Classical Literature.
9. Romanticism.
Lyrics by V. A. Zhukovsky.
Elegy "Sea", ballad "Svetlana".
Means of artistic expression.
Images and creative thinking as the basis of literary creativity.
Romanticism and realism.
Poems by A. S. Pushkin. “Village”, “Prisoner”, “To Chaadaev”, “In the depths of the Siberian ores...”, “The daylight went out...”, “Poet”, “Song of prophetic Oleg", "To sea".
10. Poems by A. S. Pushkin:
“Nanny”, “I remember a wonderful moment ...”, “October 19” (“The forest drops its crimson dress ...”), “Prophet”, “ Winter road”,“ Anchar ”,“ Night haze lies on the hills of Georgia ... ”,“ I loved you: love is still, perhaps ... ”,“ Winter morning”,“ Demons ”,“ A conversation between a bookseller and a poet ”,“ A cloud ”,“ I erected a monument to myself not made by hands ... ”,“ Freedom sower of the desert ... ”,“ Imitations of the Koran ”(IX.“ And the tired traveler grumbled at God ... ”) , "Elegy" ("Crazy years of extinct fun ..."), "..I visited again ...".
Poem "The Bronze Horseman".
11. Artistic Features novel by A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".
The author and his characters.
Extra-plot elements in the novel "Eugene Onegin": characters' letters, Tatyana's dream, lyrical digressions.
Belinsky article.
12. The story of A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter".
Generalization of the concept of "epic genres".
Poetry of M. Yu. Lermontov. "Song ... about the merchant Kalashnikov."
13. Poetry of M. Yu. Lermontov.
Poems “No, I’m not Byron, I’m different ...”, “Clouds”, “Beggar”, “From under the mysterious, cold half-mask ...”, “Sail”, “Death of the Poet”, “Borodino”, “When the yellowing field is agitated ...”, “Duma”, “Poet” (“My dagger shines with gold trim ...”), “Three palm trees”, “Prayer” (“In a difficult moment of life ...”), “And boring and sad”, “No, not I love you so passionately…”, “Motherland”, “Dream” (“In the afternoon heat in the valley of Dagestan…”), “Prophet”, “How often, surrounded by a motley crowd…”, “Valerik”, “I go out alone I'm on the road..." Poem "Mtsyri".
14. Compositional features novel by M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time".
The system of images in the novel.
The concept of "psychologism".
Role of portrait and landscape.
15. N. V. Gogol.
The poem "Dead Souls" - features of the genre and composition.
Hero problem. The epic beginning and the system of images in Gogol's poem.
16. N. V. Gogol.
Comedy "Inspector". The story "Overcoat".
17. Test work No. 2.
Literature of the 1st half of the 19th century.
18. A. N. Ostrovsky.
Drama Storm. Features of the genre of drama.
Dobrolyubov's article "A ray of light in a dark kingdom".
Pisarev's article "Motives of Russian drama".
19. Lyrics by A. A. Fet:
“The dawn says goodbye to the earth ...”, “With one push to drive away the living boat ...”, “Evening”, “Learn from them - from the oak, from the birch ...”, “This morning, this joy ...”, “Whisper, timid breathing…”, “The night shone. The garden was full of moonlight. They lay ... "," Another May night ".
Lyrics of F.I. Tyutchev:
“Noon”, “There is a melodiousness in the sea waves ...”, “A kite has risen from a clearing ...”, “There is in the initial autumn ...”, “Silentium!”, “Not what you think, nature ...”, “Mind Russia cannot be understood…”, “Oh, how deadly we love…”, “We cannot predict…”, “K. B. “ (“I met you - and all the past ...”), “Nature is a sphinx. And the more she returns ... ".
20. Poems by N. A. Nekrasov:
“Troika”, “I don’t like your irony ...”, “Railway”, “On the road”, “Yesterday, at six o’clock ...”, “We are stupid people ...”, “Poet and Citizen "," Elegy "(" Let the changeable fashion tell us ... ")," O Muse! I am at the door of the coffin ... ".
Poem "To whom it is good to live in Rus'".
Peculiarities artistic text Keywords: author's intention, composition of the work, visual and expressive means.
21. Genre varieties of the Russian novel:
Novel-dispute by I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”.
"Calendar" novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov".
22. M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin.
Fairy tales: “The Tale of How One Man Feeded Two Generals”, “The Wild Landowner”, “ wise scribbler". "History of one city" (survey study).
N. S. Leskov.
"Lefty". "Non-lethal Golovan".
23. F. M. Dostoevsky
"Crime and Punishment".
Themes and problems of the novel. Psychologism of Dostoevsky.
Christian symbolism in the novel.
The system of artistic images of the novel: the "twins" of the hero, the role of "dreams".
24. L. N. Tolstoy
"War and Peace". Epic novel.
The author's intention, theme and idea, problems, compositional structure, system of artistic images of the novel. Philosophical and religious ideas of Tolstoy. Author's position.25. Examination No. 3. Literature of the 2nd half of the 19th century.
26. The concept of "modernism".
I. A. Bunin "The Gentleman from San Francisco", "Clean Monday".
A. P. Chekhov. Stories: "Student", "Ionych", "Man in a Case", "Lady with a Dog", "Death of an Official", "Chameleon".
A. M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil".
27. Comedy A. P. Chekhov " The Cherry Orchard"And the drama of A. M. Gorky" At the bottom.
The Silver Age of Russian Literature.
Activation of knowledge about literary sizes. Dolnik. Accent verse. Blank verse. Vers libre.
28. The main poetic currents of the Silver Age.
A. A. Blok.
Poems: “Stranger”, “Russia”, “Night, street, lamp, pharmacy ...”, “In a restaurant”, “The river spread. It flows, lazily sad ... ”(from the cycle“ On the Kulikovo Field ”),“ On railway”, “I enter dark temples ...”, “Factory”, “Rus”, “About valor, about exploits, about glory ...”, “Oh, I want to live crazy ...”. Poem "Twelve".
O. E. Mandelstam.
Poems: "Notre Dame", "Insomnia. Homer. Tight sails…”, “For the explosive prowess of the coming centuries…”, “I returned to my city, familiar to tears…”.
A. A. Akhmatova.
Poems: “Song of the last meeting”, “Closed hands under a dark veil ...”, “I don’t need odic ratis ...”, “I had a voice. He called consolingly…”, “ Motherland”, “Tearful autumn, like a widow ...”, “Primorsky sonnet”, “Before spring there are such days ...”, “I am not with those who left the earth ...”, “Poems about St. Petersburg”, “ Courage". Poem "Requiem".
V. V. Mayakovsky.
Poems: “Could you?”, “Listen!”, “Violin and a little nervously”, “Lilichka!”, “Anniversary”, “Passed up”, “Nate!”, “ Good attitude to horses”, “An extraordinary adventure with Vladimir Mayakovsky in the summer at the dacha”, “Giveaway”, “Letter to Tatyana Yakovleva”. The poem "A Cloud in Pants"
B. L. Pasternak.
Poems: February. Get ink and cry!. “,“ Definition of poetry ”,“ In everything I want to reach ... ”,“ Hamlet ”,“ Winter night"," No one will be in the house ... "," It is snowing”, “About these verses”, “To love others is a heavy cross ...”, “Pines”, “Hoarfrost”, “July”.
S. A. Yesenin.
Poems: “Goy you, Rus', my dear!. “, “Do not wander, do not crush in the crimson bushes ...”, “Now we are leaving a little ...”, “A letter from the mother”, “The feather grass is sleeping. Dear plain…”, “You are my Shagane, Shagane…”, “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry…”, “Soviet Rus'”, “The road thought about the red evening…”, “Hewn drogs sang…”, “Rus” , "Pushkin", "I'm going through the valley. On the back of the head is a cap ... "," A low house with blue shutters ... ".
M. I. Tsvetaeva.
Poems: “To my poems written so early…”, “Poems to Blok” (“Your name is a bird in your hand…”), “Who is made of stone, who is made of clay…”, “Longing for the motherland! For a long time…”, “Books in red binding”, “Grandmother”, “Seven hills - like seven bells!..” (from the cycle “Poems about Moscow”).
29. Prose of the XX century.
M. A. Sholokhov. The novel Quiet Don. The epic story "The fate of man."
M. A. Bulgakov. Novels " white guard and The Master and Margarita.
B. L. Pasternak. The novel Doctor Zhivago.
A.P. Platonov. Yushka's story.
A.I. Solzhenitsyn. Story " Matrenin yard". The story "One day of Ivan Denisovich".
30. The theme of war in A. T. Tvardovsky.
Poems: "The whole point is in one single covenant ...", "In memory of the mother", "I know, no fault of mine ...". The poem "Vasily Terkin" (chapters "Crossing", "Two Soldiers", "Duel", "Death and the Warrior").
Literature review of the second half of the twentieth century (brief information).
Prose of the second half of the XX century (overview).
F. A. Abramov, Ch. T. Aitmatov, V. P. Astafiev, V. I. Belov, A. G. Bitov, V. V. Bykov, V. S. Grossman, S. D. Dovlatov, V. L. Kondratiev, V. P. Nekrasov, E. I. Nosov, V. G. Rasputin, V. F. Tendryakov, Yu. V. Trifonov, V. M. Shukshin.
Poetry of the second half of the XX century (overview).
B. A. Akhmadulina, I. A. Brodsky, A. A. Voznesensky, V. S. Vysotsky, E. A. Evtushenko, N. A. Zabolotsky, Yu. P. Kuznetsov, L. N. Martynov, B. Sh. Okudzhava, N. M. Rubtsov, D. S. Samoilov, B. A. Slutsky, V. N. Sokolov, V. A. Soloukhin, A. A. Tarkovsky.
Dramaturgy of the second half of the twentieth century (review).
A. N. Arbuzov, A. V. Vampilov, A. M. Volodin, V. S. Rozov, M. M. Roshchin.
31. Test work No. 4. Literature of the XX century.
32. Final lesson: questions and answers, clarification of misunderstood, final testing.
Hello, dear visitor of our site. You are on a page that contains links to preparation materials for Unified State Examination in Literature Online. But what if I have just decided that I will take the exam in literature? Where do I begin? To do this, we wrote you the main stages of preparing for the exam in literature, the main stages - in emergency cases, when there is not much time left before the exam, and if you still have enough time, then we offer you a detailed preparation plan throughout the academic year.
What we offer for you:
3. (It is simply necessary to know the biographies of writers to prepare for the Unified State Exam in literature, since in the tasks of part C, where an analysis of a literary work is necessary, it is often necessary to use the facts of the biography of a particular writer in order to reveal the topic and idea as deeply as possible)
4. USE tests in literature online (we also provide you with a unique opportunity to solve a large number of online tests directly on the site, all for free. Detailed statistics are kept for registered users, so please go through a quick registration. In case of disputes and questions, any issue can be quickly resolved.).
5. Compositions C5 excellent. In order not to confuse you with our essays on literature, they are undoubtedly good, but we have selected C5 essays for you, written directly according to the criteria. Submitted essays are rated with the maximum number of points!
6. Analysis of C5 essays with the examiner's commentary, detailed analysis works taken from USE on literature. The actions of the examiner are described, in what order the work is checked and what attention is paid to, how points are assigned according to the criteria.
7. Library (which includes all the necessary works with brief comments directly about the work, characters, topics covered and other useful information)
8. Quotes from books (why are they? Yes, everything is simple, there is often not enough time to read a work again, therefore, after reading a selection of quotes for a work, you can close some of your gaps in a particular work. But we We still recommend that you read all the works in their entirety.)
9. Assignments of parts C and B, which are divided by authors.
10. We are always glad to cooperate. If you want to exchange links, please write here [email protected]
11. Books for preparing for the exam in literature ( Buy on OZON.ru)
All materials were published with only one purpose: to help graduates pass the exam in literature as best as possible, and maybe even 100 points. We give you this opportunity, and we really hope that you will take full advantage of this opportunity. So don't waste your time and get ready now.
We are human, so we tend to make mistakes, and we are no exception in this regard. We ask you, Dear friends, report any bugs you see to us as soon as possible.
PARAGRAPH - a piece of text from one red line to another.
AUTOBIOGRAPHY - a work in which the writer describes his life.
AUTOGRAPH - a manuscript of a work written by the author himself, a letter, an inscription on the book, as well as the author's own signature.
AUTHOR'S SPEECH - an allegorical image of an abstract concept or phenomenon of reality with the help of specific image.
ACMEISM - a literary trend in Russian poetry early. 20th century
an acrostic is a poem in which initial letters lines form a first or last name, a word or a phrase.
ALLITERATION - the repetition in poetry (less often in prose) of the same, consonant consonant sounds to enhance the expressiveness of artistic speech.
ALMANAC - a collection of literary works of various content.
AMPHIBRACHY - a three-syllable foot in Russian syllabic-tonic versification, in which the stress falls on the second syllable.
ANACREONTICA POETRY - a type of ancient lyric poetry: poems in which a cheerful, carefree life was sung.
ANAPEST - a three-syllable foot in Russian syllabo-tonic versification with an emphasis on the third syllable.
ANNOTATION - brief explanation to the content of the book.
ANONYMOUS - 1) a work without indicating the name of the author; 2) the author of the work who concealed his name.
ANTITHESIS - a turn of poetic speech in which, for expressiveness, directly opposite concepts, thoughts, character traits are sharply opposed actors.
ANTHOLOGY - a collection of selected works different authors.
APOSTROPHE - a turn of poetic speech, consisting in referring to an inanimate phenomenon as an animate one and to an absent person as a present one.
ARCHITECTONICS - the construction of a work of art, the proportionality of its parts, chapters, episodes.
APHORISM - a thought stated briefly and precisely.
BALLAD - a lyrical-epic poetic work with a pronounced plot of a historical or everyday nature.
FABLE - a small work with ironic, satirical or moralistic content.
FILM - fiction prose works.
WHITE POEMS - poems that do not have a rhyme.
PERFORMANCE (euphony) - the quality of speech, which consists in the beauty and naturalness of its sound.
BURIME - a poem composed according to predetermined, often unusual rhymes.
BURLESQUE is a comic narrative poem in which a sublime theme is presented ironically, parodic.
BYLINA is a Russian folk narrative song-poem about bogatyrs and heroes.
INSPIRATION - a state of insight, creative upsurge.
VERSIFICATION - a system of certain rules and techniques for constructing poetic speech, versification.
VERSHI - poems on religious and secular topics with an obligatory rhyme at the end of the line.
ARTISTIC TASTE - the ability to correctly perceive, independently comprehend works of art; understanding of the nature of artistic creativity and the ability to analyze a work of art.
FREE VERSE - syllabo-tonic, usually iambic verse with an unequal number of feet in poetic lines.
MEMORIES, or MEMOIRS - works narrative literature about past events written by their participants.
vulgarism - rude word, the wrong turn, not accepted in literary speech.
FICTION - the fruit of the imagination, fantasy of the writer.
HEXAMETER - poetic size in ancient versification, in Russian - a six-foot dactyl in combination with a trochee.
LYRICAL HERO - a person in lyric poetry, whose experiences, thoughts and feelings are expressed in the poem, on whose behalf it is written.
HERO OF A LITERARY WORK - the main or one of the main characters with distinct traits of character and behavior, a certain attitude towards other characters and life phenomena.
HYPERBOLE - a stylistic figure, which consists in a figurative exaggeration of the depicted event or phenomenon.
GROTESQUE - the image of a person, events or phenomena in a fantastic, ugly-comic form.
DACTIL - a three-syllable foot in Russian syllabo-tonic versification, containing stressed and two unstressed syllables.
Decadence is one of the manifestations of modernism, which is characterized by the preaching of empty art, mysticism, and extreme individualism.
DETECTIVE - a work of adventure literature.
CHILDREN'S LITERATURE - works of different genres intended for children.
DIALOGUE - a conversation between two or more characters.
DIFIRAMB - a product of a praising nature.
DOLNIK - a three-syllable meter with the omission of one or two unstressed syllables within a line.
GENRE - a historically established subdivision of the totality of literary works, carried out on the basis of specific properties their form and content
LIFE - in ancient Russian literature a story about the life of a hermit, monk or saint.
START - an event from which the development of the action in the work begins.
Borrowing - the use by the author of techniques, themes or ideas of another writer.
IDEALIZATION - the image of something in a better way than in reality.
IDEA WORLD OF THE WORK - area artistic solutions. It includes the author's assessments and the ideal, artistic ideas and pathos of the work.
IDEA OF THE ARTWORK - the main idea about the range of phenomena that are depicted in the work; expressed by the writer in artistic images.
idyll - a poem that depicts serene life in the lap of nature.
IMAGINISM - a literary trend; The Imagists proclaimed that the main task of artistic creativity was to invent new images.
IMPRESSIONISM - a literary trend; The Impressionists considered the task of art to convey the direct personal impressions of the writer.
IMPROVISATION - the creation of works without prior
preparations.INVECTIVE - a sharp denunciation.
INVERSION - a turn of poetic speech, consisting in a peculiar arrangement of words in a sentence that violates the usual order.
INTRIGA - the development of action in a complex plot of a work.
IRONY - hidden mockery.
Cantata - a poem of a solemn nature, glorifying any happy event or his hero.
Cantilena - a short narrative poem, performed to music.
CANZONA - a poem that sings of knightly love.
CARICATURE - playful or satirical image events or
persons.CLASSICISM - literary direction(current) XVII - beg. XIX centuries in Russia Western Europe, based on imitation of antique samples and strict stylistic standards.
CLASSICAL LITERATURE - exemplary, the most valuable literature of the past and present.
CLAUZULA - the final syllables of a poetic line, starting with the last stressed syllable.
KODA - final, additional verse.
COLLISION - clash, fight active forces involved in conflict with each other.
COMMENT - interpretation, explanation of the meaning of a work, episode, phrase.
COMPOSITION - the structure of a work of art.
CONTEXT - an excerpt from a literary work; necessary to determine the meaning of the words taken from it.
CONTRAST - a pronounced opposition of traits, qualities, properties of a human character, object, phenomenon; literary device.
CONFLICT - a collision that underlies the struggle of characters in a work of art.
ENDING - the final part or epilogue of a literary work.
CRITIQUE - essays devoted to evaluation, analysis and interpretation works of art.
WINGED WORD - a well-aimed expression that has become a proverb.
CULMINATION - an episode of a literary work in which the conflict reaches a critical point in its development.
LAKONISM - brevity in the expression of thought.
LEGEND - in folklore, an oral, folk story, based on a wonderful event or image.
LEITMOTIV - an image or turn of artistic speech that is repeated in a work.
ARTISTIC LITERATURE - a field of art, the distinguishing feature of which is the reflection of life, the creation of an artistic image with the help of a word.
POPULAR LITERATURE - cheaply priced picture books traded by itinerant peddlers.
MADRIGAL - lyrical work jokingly complimentary or love content.
ARTISTIC SKILLS - the writer's ability to convey the truth of life in artistic images.
MELODICS OF A VERSE - its intonational organization, raising and lowering the voice, conveying intonation-semantic shades.
METAPHOR - the use of a word in figurative meaning to describe a person, object or phenomenon.
METHOD - the basic principles that guide the writer. Artistic methods were realism, romanticism, sentimentalism, etc.
METONYMY - replacement in poetic speech of a name, phenomenon, concept or object with another one that is inextricably linked with it in our minds.
METRIC POSING - a system of versification based on the alternation of short and long syllables in a verse. Such is the ancient versification.
MINIATURE - small literary work.
MYTH is an ancient legend about the origin of life on Earth, about natural phenomena, about the exploits of gods and heroes.
MULTIPLE UNION (polysyndeton) - turnover of poetic speech; deliberate increase in the number of unions in the sentence.
MODERNISM - a direction (flow) in art that is opposite to realism and is characterized by the denial of traditions, the conventionality of the image and experimentation.
MONOLOGUE - the speech of the character, addressed to the interlocutor or to himself.
MONORITHM - a poem with one rhyme repeating.
MOTIVE - In a literary work, additional, minor topics which, in combination with the main theme, form an artistic whole.
MOTIVATION - the dependence of all elements of the artistic form of a work on its content.
INITIAL RHYME - consonance at the beginning of a verse.
NEOLOGISM - a new word.
INNOVATION - the introduction of new ideas, techniques.
IMAGE - artistic image in a literary work of man, nature or individual phenomena.
APPEAL - a turn of poetic speech, consisting in an underlined appeal of the writer to the hero of his work, natural phenomena, and the reader.
ODE - a laudatory poem dedicated to a solemn event or hero.
OCTAVE - a stanza of eight verses, in which the first six verses are combined by two cross rhymes, and the last two are adjacent.
PERSONATION (prosopopoeia) - a technique in which inanimate objects, animals, natural phenomena are endowed with human abilities and properties
ONEGIN STROPE - a stanza used by A. S. Pushkin when writing the novel "Eugene Onegin", consisting of three quatrains and a final couplet.
A pamphlet is a journalistic work with a pronounced accusatory orientation and a specific socio-political address.
PARALLELISM - a technique of poetic speech, which consists in comparing two phenomena by means of their parallel image.
PARODY - a genre of literature that politically or satirically imitates the features of the original.
LABEL - a work with offensive, slanderous content.
Pastoral - a poem describing the peaceful life of shepherds and shepherdesses in the bosom of nature.
PAPHOS is the leading emotional tone of the work.
LANDSCAPE - the image of nature in a literary work.
TRANSFER (enjambement) - transferring the end of a sentence that is complete in meaning from one poetic line or stanza to the next one after it.
PERIPHRASE - replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of its inherent essential features and characteristics.
CHARACTER - the protagonist of a literary work.
NARRATOR - a person on behalf of whom a story is told in epic and lyrical epic works.
SAYING - a short figurative expression that does not have syntactic completeness.
PORTRAIT - a depiction in a work of art of a character's appearance.
DEDICATION - an inscription at the beginning of a work, indicating the person to whom it is dedicated.
MESSAGE - a literary work written in the form of an appeal to a person or persons.
AFTERWORD - additional part a work that contains the author's explanations of his creation.
INSTRUCTION - a literary work in the form of speech cognitive nature.
POETRY - artistic creativity in poetic form.
JESTER - a sharp word or phrase.
PARABLE - an instructive story about human life in allegorical or allegorical form
PROBLEM - a question that is investigated by the writer in
work. PROBLEMATICS - a list of problems raised in the work.
PROSE - a work of art, set out in ordinary (freely organized, not poetic) speech.
PROLOGUE - an introduction to a literary work.
PROTOTYPE - a real man, whose life and character were reflected in the creation of a literary image by the writer.
A pseudonym is a fictitious name or surname of the writer.
PUBLICISTICS - a set of works of art reflecting the social and political life society.
JOURNEY - a literary work that tells about a real or fictional journey.
RESOLUTION - the position of the characters that has developed in the work as a result of the development of the events depicted in it; final scene.
SIZE OF A VERSE - the number and order of alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in the stops of a syllabic-tonic verse.
RAPSOD - a wandering ancient Greek poet-singer who sang epic songs to the lyre.
EDITION - one of the variants of the text of the work.
REMARK - an explanation of the author about a particular character, the setting of the action, intended for actors.
REPLICA - the answer of one character to the speech of another.
REFRAIN - repeated verses at the end of each stanza.
RHYTHM - systematic, measured repetition in verse of certain, similar units of speech (syllables).
Rhyme - the endings of poetic lines that coincide in sound.
TYPE OF LITERATURE - division according to fundamental features: drama, lyrics, lyric epic, epic.
ROMANCE - a small lyrical poem of a melodious type on the theme of love.
RONDO - an octagon containing 13 (15) lines and 2 rhymes.
RUBAI - forms of lyrical poetry of the East: a quatrain in which the first, second and fourth lines rhyme.
SARKASM is a sarcastic joke.
SATIRE - works of art that ridicule vicious phenomena in the life of society or negative qualities individual person.
FREE VERSE (ver libre) - a verse in which the number of stressed and unstressed syllables is arbitrary; it is based on a homogeneous syntactic organization that determines the uniform intonation of the verse.
SYLLABIC VERSION - it is based on the same number of syllables in a poetic line.
SYLLABO-TONIC POSTER - a system of versification, which is determined by the number of syllables, the number of stresses and their location in a poetic line.
SYMBOLISM - a literary trend; the symbolists created and used a system of symbols in which a special mystical meaning was invested.
SKAZ is a way of organizing a narrative, focused on oral, often common speech.
LEGEND (legend) - a work of art, which is based on an incident that took place in reality.
syllable - a sound or a combination of sounds in a word, pronounced with one breath; primary rhythmic unit in poetic measured speech.
SONNET - a type of complex stanza, consisting of 14 verses, divided into 2 quatrains and 2 tertiary lines.
COMPARISON - the definition of a phenomenon or concept in artistic speech by comparing it with another phenomenon that has with the first common features.
STANCES - a small form of lyric poetry, consisting of quatrains, complete in thought.
STYLISTICS - a section of the theory of literature that studies the features of the language of works.
STYLE - a set of basic ideological and artistic features of the writer's work.
VERSE - dimensional, rhythmically organized, brightly emotional
speech POETRY - a system for constructing measured poetic speech, which is based on any repeating rhythmic unit of speech.
FOOT - in syllabo-tonic versification, repeated combinations of stressed and unstressed syllables in a verse, which determine its size.
STROPHA - a combination of two or more poetic lines, united by a system of rhymes and a common intonation, or only a common intonation.
PLOT - the main episodes of the event series in their artistic sequence.
CREATIVE HISTORY - the history of the creation of an artistic
works. CREATIVE PROCESS - the work of the writer on the work.
THEME - object artistic reflection.
THEME - a set of themes of the work.
TREND - an idea, a conclusion to which the author seeks to lead the reader.
LITERARY TREND - creative unity of writers who are close to each other in ideology, perception of life and creativity.
TYPE - an artistic image that reflects the main character traits certain group of people or events.
TROP - a turn of speech, consisting in the use of a word or expression in a figurative meaning, sense.
URBANISM - a direction in literature, occupied mainly with a description of the features of life in big city.
UTOPIA - a work of art that tells about a dream as a real phenomenon, depicting an ideal social system without scientific justification.
FABULA - the arrangement of the main events of a literary work in their chronological order.
FEULETON - a type of newspaper article ridiculing the vices of society.
STYLISTIC FIGURE - an unusual turn of speech that the writer resorts to to enhance expressiveness artistic word.
FOLKLORE - a collection of works of oral folk poetic creativity.
CHARACTER - an artistic image of a person with pronounced individual traits.
CHOREI - two-syllable poetic size with emphasis on the first
syllable. CHRONICLE - a narrative or dramatic literary work, displaying in chronological order events public life.
CYCLE - a series of works of art united by the same characters, era, thought or experience.
Chastushka - a small piece of oral folk poetry with humorous, satirical or lyrical content.
EUPHEMISM - replacement in poetic speech of coarse expressions more
soft.
ECLOGUE - a short poem depicting rural life.
EXPOSURE - introductory, initial part of the plot; unlike the plot, it does not affect the course of subsequent events in the work.
Impromptu - a work created quickly, without preparation.
ELEGY - a poem permeated with sadness or a dreamy mood.
Epigram - a short witty-mocking or satirical poem.
EPIGRAPH - short text, placed at the beginning of the work and explaining the author's intention.
EPISODE - one of the interconnected events in the plot, which has more or less independent meaning in the work.
EPILOGUE - the final part of the work, briefly informing the reader about the fate of the characters.
EPITET - figurative definition.
HUMORESK - small humorous work in prose or verse.
YaMB is a two-syllable size in Russian versification, consisting of an unstressed and stressed syllable.
COMEDY is a type of dramatic work. Displays everything ugly and ridiculous, funny and awkward, ridicules the vices of society.
LYRICAL POEM (in prose) - a type of fiction, emotionally and poetically expressing the feelings of the author.
MELODRAMA - a type of drama, the characters of which are sharply divided into positive and negative.
ESSAY - the most reliable type of narrative, epic literature, displaying facts from real life.
SONG, or SONG - the most ancient view lyric poetry; a poem consisting of several verses and a chorus. Songs are divided into folk, heroic, historical, lyrical, etc.
STORY - middle form; a work that highlights a series of events in the life of the protagonist.
POEM - a type of lyrical epic work; poetic storytelling.
STORY - a small form, a work about one event in the life of a character.
NOVEL - big shape; a work, in the events of which many characters usually take part, whose fates are intertwined. Novels are philosophical, adventure, historical, family and social.
TRAGEDY - a type of dramatic work that tells about the unfortunate fate of the protagonist, often doomed to death.
EPIC - a work or a cycle of works depicting a significant historical era or big historical event.
DRAMA is one of the four genres of literature. In the narrow sense of the word - the genre of a work depicting a conflict between characters, in a broad sense - all works without the author's speech. Species (genres) dramatic works: tragedy, drama, comedy, vaudeville.
LYRICS - one of the four types of literature, reflecting life through the personal experiences of a person, his feelings and thoughts. Types of lyrics: song, elegy, ode, thought, message, madrigal, stanzas, eclogue, epigram, epitaph.
LYROEPIC - one of the four genres of literature, in the works of which art world the reader observes and evaluates from the outside as a plot narrative, but at the same time events and characters receive a certain emotional assessment of the narrator.
EPOS is one of the four types of literature, reflecting life through a story about a person and the events that happen to him. The main types (genres) of epic literature: epic, novel, story, short story, short story, artistic essay.
End of form
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