Proverbs about a pocket in the Chuvash language. The best Chuvash proverbs

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Introduction ………………………………………………………………………...p.3

The value of proverbs and sayings……………………………………………….page 5

Part 1. From the history of proverbs. ………………………………………………… page 5

Part 2. About the collectors of proverbs.

1. Collectors of Russian proverbs………………………………………...p.6

1. Collectors of Chuvash proverbs…………………………………..page 8

Part 3. Comparison of Russian and Chuvash proverbs on the example of proverbs

about work………………………………………………………………………….page 9

Conclusion………………………………………………………………….....page 21

List of used literature……………………………………………….p.22

Applications

Introduction

Proverbs and sayings are an invaluable heritage of our people. They accumulated for thousands of years long before the advent of writing and were orally transmitted from generation to generation. N.V. Gogol saw in it the result of popular ideas about life and its various manifestations. V.I.Dal understood the proverb as “judgment, sentence, teaching”. In literary criticism, proverbs are poetic, widely used in speech, stable, short, often figurative, ambiguous, having figurative meaning sayings, arranged syntactically as sentences, often organized rhythmically, summarizing the socio-historical experience of the people and having an instructive, didactic character.

General obligatory features of proverbs include:

1. brevity;

2. sustainability;

3. connection with speech;

4. belonging to the art of the word;

5. wide use.

Proverbs and sayings are the most ancient and popular genre oral folk art. In them, the people reflected their attitude towards native nature and its phenomena, social and historical experience his ancestors, expressed his worldview, moral standards and aesthetic ideals. Therefore, the comparative study of proverbial expressions received great development. The works of V.N. Kravtsov, V.P. Anikin, V.P. Zhukov, G.L. Permyakov, V.V. Vinogradov and others are devoted to this issue. In these works, proverbs and sayings are studied in three aspects: linguistic, logical-semantic and artistic-figurative.

Assessing the state of the study of proverbs, especially in a comparative and comparative way, it should be noted that there are few actual linguistic works on proverbs, in some of them the proverb is defined as it is customary in folklore, without due consideration of its linguistic features.

In this work, we set whole l to compare the proverbs of the Russian and Chuvash languages ​​in semantic and structural terms.

Relevance topic is that the work deals with the proverbs of the Russian and Chuvash languages ​​in terms of comparing the semantic characteristics, which is important for understanding the preservation national traditions, as emphasized by the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin in his May 2014 decrees.

Subject of study- semantic similarities and differences between proverbs about labor in the Russian and Chuvash languages.

The purpose of this work— a comparative study of the proverbs of the studied languages ​​and the identification on this basis of their common and national-specific features.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks:

analysis of the state of study and development of proverbs and related theoretical questions in the aspect of the topic under consideration;

characteristics and classification of proverbs in the Chuvash and Russian languages ​​according to thematic groups;

comparative study of proverbs and sayings of these languages ​​in semantic terms;

The value of proverbs and sayings

People who created proverbs in the old days did not know how to write, because they simply did not know how to do this, they were not literate. Therefore, proverbs were often the only way to preserve their life experience and observations. The meaning of proverbs lies in the fact that they help to reflect the thinking of the people in all its diversity, versatility and contradictions. In addition, proverbs are an important part of the way of life of the people, their standards and habits. Proverbs never argue and prove nothing, they quite confidently express the thoughts of the people about what they are telling us. Proverbs affirm or deny, but they do it in such a way that there is not a drop of doubt that they are right. At the same time, it is important to note that one proverb is an important thought, but thousands of proverbs living among the people represent a multilateral and deeply meaningful picture of life. Proverbs also serve to educate positive ideals - courage, honesty, a sense of friendship, set us as an example of highly moral behavior. They teach us to distinguish between good and evil.

Part 1. From the history of proverbs.

The origins of proverbs are quite varied. The main ones are direct life observations of people, the socio-historical experience of the people. The fight against foreign invaders, ardent love for the motherland and hatred for its enemies, fortitude, courage and heroism of the Russian people - all this was reflected in short but wise sayings. labor people, creating the wealth of the country and protecting it from foreign invaders, for many centuries languished under the heavy yoke of exploitation and enslavement. The people saw the culprits of their hard life, their suffering in the boyars, officials, churchmen, landlords, and then in the capitalists. Many proverbs have been created that reflect the difficult and hungry life a peasant, opposed to the well-fed and carefree life of the gentleman squeezing all the juice out of him. The class struggle, overt or covert, never ceased, and the well-aimed word was a sharp weapon in this struggle. (A serf's word is like a horn; Smerda's glance is worse than abuse). But gradually the views and ideas of people changed. A particularly sharp change in the minds of the people came after the Great October revolution. For the first time in the history of mankind, a state of workers and peasants was created, workers received equal rights, women were freed from centuries of family and social slavery, the people became the true masters of their own destiny and won the conditions for free creative labor. (Lenin's covenant spread all over the world; There was a torch and a candle, and now Ilyich's lamp). But, creating something new, the people do not throw away all the best that has been accumulated over the centuries by our ancestors. (The priest will buy money and deceive God - we have no conditions). But love for work, skill and craftsmanship, courage, honesty, love for the motherland, friendship and other qualities that could not manifest themselves in full force before, only in our time have received all the opportunities for the most complete disclosure. And proverbs that speak of these qualities will always be our companions. The proverbs reflect Big world, in which certain important events or public relations. Reflected here family relationships, home life, and more. Today very many literary expressions, which were taken directly from fiction, continue to become sayings and proverbs, only of real modernity. Proverbs are not antiquity, not the past, but the living voice of the people: the people retain in their memory only what they need today and will need tomorrow.

Part 2. About the collectors of proverbs.

1. Collectors of Russian proverbs

Collecting proverbs began in the 17th century, when some amateurs began to compile handwritten collections. WITH late XVII centuries, proverbs are already printed in separate books. In the 30-50s 19th century Russian scientist and writer Vladimir Ivanovich Dal (1801-1872) took up the collection of proverbs. His collection "Proverbs of the Russian people" included about 30,000 texts. Since then, many collections of proverbs and sayings have been published, but in our time, the collection of V.I. Dalia is the most complete and valuable. IN late XIX century with articles about proverbs were people of various specialties: ethnographers, writers, journalists, teachers, historians, physicians. Among the most significant research work about proverbs include: P. Glagolevsky, "Syntax of the language of Russian proverbs" (St. Petersburg, 1874); A. I. Zhelobovsky, “Family according to the views of the Russian people, expressed in proverbs and other works of folk poetry” (Voronezh, 1892); S. Maksimov, “ Winged words"(St. Petersburg 1890); N. Ya. Ermakov, “Proverbs of the Russian people” (St. Petersburg, 1894), etc. Researchers of proverbs believe that the impetus for the appearance of these works was the collection of proverbs by V. I. Dahl, which created a solid foundation for their study. interesting work wrote A. I. Zhelobovsky, a gymnasium teacher. First, he cited proverbs, how “the people themselves speak about their life”, how the proverbs “expressed the external conditions and the internal structure of family and social life”. Then he showed how proverbs characterize the head of the family, wife, children, mother, stepmother, marriage, noted the inequality of women in pre-revolutionary Russia, their downtroddenness, humiliation, vividly and figuratively spoke about the hard lot of a Russian woman, who appeared in proverbs humiliated and insulted. The study of collections, research papers and articles on proverbs shows that in the second half of the 19th century a further step forward was made along the path of studying and collecting Russian proverbs. It was during this period, after the release famous collection proverbs of V. Dahl, a huge number of new collections appeared in the country, interesting articles and work on proverbs.

Collectors of Chuvash proverbs.

The proverb of the Bashkirs, like some others Turkic peoples, called "makal" (a term of Arabic origin, translated means "a word spoken to the place"). Along with this term, among the people there are definitions “the word of the ancients”, “the word of the old people”, “the word of the ancestors”, “the word of the people”. The Chuvash have "wattisem kalani" - "the word of the old people." This is how the peoples express their respect for the sayings, calling them "the words of the ancestors." Despite this variety of definitions, moral sense works this genre remains one: “a word, an expression that came from the depths of centuries; wisdom passed on previous generations". Thus, signs of the identity of the Chuvash and Russian proverbs can be seen in the definition of the genre term. Both peoples call proverbs sayings of wise people. Small genres of Chuvash folklore began to be collected in the 19th century. The very first dictionary of the Chuvash Russian language - "The Root Dictionary of the Chuvash-Russian Language" (1875-) leads to the origins of the language. Its author is Zolotnitsky Nikolai Ivanovich. S.M.Mikhailov, N.I.Zolotnitsky, I.N.Yurkin, N.I.Ashmarin, Pette, Yuhankka, K.Pilesh, V.A.Dolgov, N.V.Nikolsky, I.I. Odyukov, N.R. Romanov, I.S. Tuktash and others. Rich material on the language and folklore of the Ural Chuvash belongs to Ashmarin N.I. Ashmarin's main work is the 17-volume Dictionary of the Chuvash Language, which the scientist has been preparing for more than 30 years. The first two volumes were published in 1910 and 1912. The last, volume 17, was published in 1950 in Cheboksary. The scientist collected, processed and published works of Chuvash folklore. Following the example of N.I. Ashmarin, G.I. Komissarov deployed vigorous activity for the collection of historical, ethnographic and folklore materials about the Chuvash Southern Urals collecting folk legends, proverbs and sayings. Despite the existing backlog, Chuvash folklore on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan has not been studied enough.

Part 3. Comparison of Russian and Chuvash proverbs on the example of proverbs about work

Every third of the nation populated by multinational Russia has a second mother tongue. For me, this is the Chuvash language. For myself, I discovered it, to my shame, quite recently. The language is very interesting for me, attractive, because it is absorbed with mother's milk. He who does not know his native language will not learn another. This wise saying It's been around for a long time, but it's still relevant today. My immersion in my native language began with the study of Chuvash proverbs.

I was surprised and excited that many Chuvash proverbs are very similar to Russian ones and have similar equivalents. The goal was to compare Russian and Chuvash proverbs.

Russian and Chuvash proverbs helped me write down the inhabitants of the Chuvash village of Elbulak-Matveevka, Bizhbulyaksky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the city of Ufa.

Were interviewed 200 respondents - carriers of Russian and Chuvash speech. It was possible to write down 386 Russian and Chuvash proverbs (Appendix 1). This is 74% of all respondents. 26% could not name a single proverb. And a third of the respondents had difficulty naming a proverb right away. (Appendix 2) Among the 84 interviewed Chuvash, first of all, they remembered the proverb in Russian and only then in their native language Chuvash(video).

After analyzing and grouping the proverbs, we realized that proverbs about work, family and friendship are more often used in speech.

Labor is the basic category of folk philosophy, the basis of being: common man and it never occurred to me that one could live without doing anything, so it is quite natural that the theme of labor in Chuvash and Russian proverbs is central. We can confirm this based on a sociological survey. We have collected 54 Chuvash 61 Russian proverbs. (Annex 3)

Scientists distinguish two levels of perception of labor. First, labor is perceived by man as a necessity. Secondly, for more high level labor is treated as an internal human need.

In other words, in the first case, a person is first forced to work, and from childhood he begins to understand that work is necessary, but at the same time, the habit of working has not yet been developed in a person, the desire for work has not formed.

In the second case, a person has already realized that work has become an important part of his life, that thanks to work he earns his living, and can also realize his aspirations and goals, gain new knowledge and experience.

Thus, we can say that before labor is perceived by a person as the main meaning of his existence, the person himself must live long haul to such an understanding, systematically fulfilling his labor duties, even those that he does not quite like. But gradually a person must realize the value of labor. As a result of the analysis collected material proverbs were identified that realize the understanding of the value of labor:

You won't miss a craft.

Nothing comes without hard work.

Work teaches, torments and feeds.

On the basis of the collected material, a classification of proverbs about labor was carried out. The largest group is made up of proverbs expressing positive or negative attitude to work. In the group of proverbs expressing a positive assessment labor activity, special emphasis is placed on the role of work in human life:

The following proverbs give a negative assessment of work:

You can't do everything.

The work is not damn, it will not go into the water.

Ĕç wilsen te viç kunlăh yulat. (Work and after death will remain for three days)

In the negative assessment group, it is shown dismissive attitude to work. It should be noted that there are very few proverbs that negatively evaluate labor activity.

In general, the proverbs of the Russian and Chuvash languages ​​are characterized by positive attitude to work. Labor is recognized as a necessary component of human life, thanks to which it is possible to improve well-being and financial situation, achieve success in life, achieve certain goals, realize your dreams. This can be clearly seen in the following proverbs:

You won't lose your craft.

Puyan purănas is small kămaka çinche larma yuramast. (If you want to live richly, then you can’t lie on the stove)

The Russian and Chuvash peoples are hospitable. The following proverbs reflect the people's understanding that the quality of a person's labor determines whether the family will be fed, whether the table will be full of food:

People have always perceived labor as a source of income, wealth:

Ĕçlemesĕr, purlăh pulmast (You can’t make a fortune without labor)

Craft is the golden breadwinner.

The craft does not ask to drink and eat, but feeds itself.

Therefore, artisans have always been valued:

Proverbs reflect folk wisdom, a moral set of rules for life. They represent wide layers of life and wear educational orientation. They embed the experience of the people. The subject matter of proverbs is varied.

In the Chuvash and Russian languages, there are quite a large number of proverbs that condemn laziness, idleness and idleness. The proverbs of this group express a negative attitude towards people who do not want and do not like to work:

Russian and Chuvash proverbs call not to be afraid of work:

It's terrible to start.

The eyes are afraid, but the hands are doing.

According to many Russian and Chuvash proverbs, one can judge that a good result of work is important, which can only be achieved through high-quality work:

At the same time, various realities and processes of rural labor are presented in the group of Russian proverbs. The Russian people highly appreciate the role of tools in the labor process.

You can't mow hay without a scythe.

Among the heard Chuvash proverbs, we wrote down only one, realizing given value:

Don't hurry with your tongue, hurry with your deeds.

The next meaning can be labeled "Patience and Labor". Which great work was accomplished and is being accomplished without patience? Patience on the edge - on the edge and the results of work. Therefore, proverbs about patience and work have taken root, becoming an integral part of the spirit and strength of our people:

A drop hollows a stone.

Such human qualities as diligence, diligence in the labor process found a positive response in folk art. This is convincingly illustrated in the following proverbs:

The proverbs of the Russian and Chuvash peoples call people to work, since work, in their opinion, is a source of health, it prolongs life:

They get healthy from work, but get sick from laziness.

Ĕçleken çynnăn pichĕnar pek. (The worker's face is ruddy.)

Thus, proverbs represent broad layers of life and are of an educational nature.

The analysis showed that many proverbs of the Chuvash people have similar ones in Russian:

Ĕçlemesĕr khirăm tăranmast. (You can't feed yourself without labor.) - If you don't work hard, you won't get bread.

Ĕç yivăr pulsan çime tutlă. (If the work is hard, then the food is tasty.) - Work is bitter, but bread is sweet. Work until you sweat, eat on the hunt.

Kam kulach çies tet, kămaka çinche vyrtmast. (Whoever wants to eat kalachi will not lie on the stove.) - If you want to eat kalachi, don't sit on the stove.

Ĕçlese pĕtersen kanma layh. (At the end of work, it’s good to have a rest.) - Finished the job, walk boldly.

Kalla-malla utmasan kun kaçmalla mar ikken. (It turns out that it is difficult to spend the day if you don’t walk back and forth.) - The day is boring until the evening, if there is nothing to do.

Boredom take matters into your own hands. A small deed is better than a big idleness.

The similarity of proverbs, in our opinion, is often explained not by borrowing, but by the same living conditions of the working strata of the population. But at the same time, cultural mutual influence and borrowing cannot be rejected. neighboring nations. The similarity of Chuvash and Russian proverbs is the result of communication between peoples and enrichment of the culture and art of one people by mastering the artistic and cultural achievements of another.

Conclusion

Having studied a large number of Russian and Chuvash proverbs about labor, the following was revealed:

signs of the identity of the proverbs of the Chuvash and Russians can be seen in the definition of the proverb genre term. Both peoples call proverbs sayings of wise people;

in Russian and Chuvash cultures proverbs expressing a positive attitude to work prevail;

for both Russians and Chuvashs, high-quality, responsible performance of labor activity is of paramount importance;

in both linguistic cultures, work is regarded as a blessing, as opposed to laziness and idleness, which negatively affect a person and prevent him from achieving success;

many Chuvash proverbs are equivalent to Russian ones, which is explained by similar living conditions of the working people and cultural mutual influence.

Thus, proverbs are examples of folk eloquence, a source of wisdom, knowledge about life, folk performances and ideals and moral principles. Proverbs that emerged as a genre folk poetry in ancient times, exist for many centuries and play a household and literary and artistic role, merging into folk culture.

Bibliography

1. Proverbs of the Russian people” V.I. Dahl 1984

2. “Chuvash proverbs, sayings and riddles” N.R. Romanov 2004

3. Russian-Chuvash dictionary V.G. Egorov 1972

4. “Collection of Chuvash proverbs, sayings and popular expressions". E.S. Sidorova, V.A. Enderov 1782

5. Ashmarin N.I. Dictionary of the Chuvash language. Cheboksary: ​​Chuvash. book. publishing house, 1999

6. Zolotnitsky N.I. Names of family relations among the Chuvash. Kazan: Univ. typography, 1971. - 16 p.

7. Chuvash proverbs, sayings, riddles - N.R. Romanov. Cheboksary 2004

8. Lyatsky E. A., Several remarks on the question of proverbs and sayings, “Izv. otd. Russian lang. and words. Academy of Sciences, 1897, volume II, book III.

9. A. A. Potebnya, From lectures on the theory of literature. Fable, proverb, saying, Kharkov, 1894.

10. Collections of P.: Simony P., Ancient collections of Russian proverbs, sayings, riddles, etc. XVII-XIX centuries, no. II.

11. Snegirev I., Russians folk proverbs and parables, M., 1848.

12. Shakhnovich M., Proverbs and sayings about priests and religion, M.-L., 1933.

13. Scheideman B., Moscow in proverbs and sayings, M., 1929.

14. Shirokova O., Life of a proverb, “Russian language in Soviet school", 1931, No. 6-7.

15. Volkov G.N. Pedagogical views of the Chuvash people in sayings and proverbs / Uchen. app. ChNII. Cheboksary: ​​Chuv. book. publishing house, 1954. - Issue. X. - S. 183-208.

16. Proverbs and sayings / comp. V.D. Sysoev.-M.: P62 AST: Astrel, 2009-p.96

17. Dal V.I. Proverbs of the Russian people. M.: Artist. literature, 1989. - T.I.

Annex 1

Annex 2

Annex 3

The Chuvash people are small, but dear. It gives birth to excellent scientists and philosophers, artists and architects, as well as jacks of all trades. The few are rich in national folklore and give their culture to the whole world. In addition to accurate and humanities, songs and dances, painting and literature, the Chuvash excelled in the comic, poetic and proverbial genres.

These people are akin to Russians and even have the same surnames: Ivanov, Petrov, Vasiliev, Matveev, Saveliev, Danilov, Antipin and many others. Although their language is different and their speech is different in pronunciation, and their character is more peaceful, the Chuvash inhabitants are fluent in the Slavic dialect and compose sayings excellently. Their proverbs are just as witty, satirical and truthful.

In the Chuvash language, parables flow lightly

By parables, of course, we mean proverbs in the Chuvash language. They speak as easily and melodiously as ditties in Russian couplets. Naturally, you do not need to memorize the speech itself. It is enough to listen to the indigenous women, how they sing beautifully.

Chuvash girls generally have the gift to decorate any holiday with amazing melodies and dances. It is at Bashkir events that funny Chuvash proverbs sound most often and delight the audience.

Kanter akrem shetmar - He planted hemp, but did not rise.

Sohalani çavnashkal - Apparently, so well-groomed wretchedly.

M. n Kollyanas: m. n Makras - What should I cry, what should I grieve.

Hayeon teley çavnashkat? - Apparently, my fate is far away?

Ulyohöttem ç\ll. tu çine - I would climb a high mountain.

Zyru çyrayöttem shur chul çine - And he created an inscription on a white stone.

Hamyeong alyoran kilsess. n - And if it were in my will.

Zyrayottem puzyoma yrlekha - He left his happy share.

Yalse now naçç te yalpa .: feast. n te yalpa since - The villagers live in the whole village, we would also live in the whole village.

A peculiar symbolic dialect gives mystery to the rare Russian Chuvash tribe. This is another branch that has its roots in distant history and flourishing in modern century. It has grown into a beautiful civilization with its customs and customs. Listening to the work of this people, one can say: in the Chuvash language, parables flow lightly.

And the Russian spirit smells

Let's try to pick up Russian expressions for Chuvash proverbs and compare them.

Let's read a few Chuvash tongue twisters:

• While trouble prancing in the troika, happiness stomps on foot.
• There are people smarter than the smart and stronger than the strong.
• The rook said: "Let it be black, but its own child."
• In the bushes where the wolves huddle, the goat does not live.
• What matters is the man's work, not his title.
• Good glory walks on foot, and bad glory flies in the wind.
• An old man will never be young, but every young man will grow old.
• The mother is deaf while the child is silent.
• You won't be young twice.
• Take your daughter and look at your mother.
• Even a shabby blanket cannot be sewn without a thread.
• There is no bread without bran.
• You can't get inside a person.
• A crooked nail will also serve the household.
• They don’t pour water into the well, they don’t carry firewood into the forest.
• The paper will not turn back into birch bark.
• The old woman died from the cold while the berries were ripening in the forest.

Let's pick up Russian proverbs according to the meaning:

• Where trouble walks freely, happiness sits quietly there.
• There were, are and will be heroes in Rus'.
• Every pig knows his pig.
• Sheep - in the yards, goats - in the mountains, and wolves - in the valleys.
• If you cannot go to your goal, then crawl towards it.
• You don’t turn over every word, just as you don’t keep up with the wind in the field.
• You will be happy if you win, and wise if you lose.
• The mother does not understand if the child does not cry.
• Day and night - day away.
• From young to old, we only live once.
• You can't run away from tomorrow, you can't catch up with yesterday.
• Every tailor sews his cut.
• Water will be so, if water is boiled.
• What a tree, such apples on it.
• Who is going - he will not get up, and who is standing - he will not go.
• Who - much in what, he trumpets in that.
• Braga according to the woman, beer according to the father, and the groom - according to the girl.
• Time yes it is time - gold is more expensive.

It is immediately clear that national sayings and aphorisms are practically indistinguishable in meaning and construction. This means that the culture of the two republics interacts with each other, and people are very close in character and traditions. Chuvash proverbs, although they look a little unusual, are correctly composed, interesting, intelligent and easy to understand.

In the land of nobility and novelty

Proverbs are small sentences in which sages and poets, docents and ordinary people certain interpretations of life, fate, love, death, joy are invested ...

Each proverb belongs to a separate philosophical category. Sometimes reading these pieces of text is enchanting and deprives of reality, taking you to the land of mental nobility. Coming back from there, you start to see real world other eyes. Chuvash proverbs touch the soul with novelty, and the study of the folklore of a rare nation completely absorbs.

Where there are Chuvash proverbs, there is a piece of our culture

Sometimes the question arises - where can one hear such unusual lines, captivating with wise narrations and an abundance of interpretations? Proverbs of the Chuvash people can be found in the libraries of the city and reading rooms. They are easy to memorize on the Internet at a computer or in the "Play Market" for tablets and smartphones with operating system"Android" as well as in the store App Store for mac OS.

There are many audiobooks and individual recordings on music sites in mp3 and wav formats. It's even better to go to Chuvash Republic. It won't take much time. It adjoins from the south to the borders of Mordovia and the Ulyanovsk region, and in the east and west - to Tatarstan and A having visited such holidays as Sĕren or Kalăm, and having spent time in the midst of games and songs, jokes and dances, fairy tales and proverbs of the spring celebration, not a single person will leave Chuvashia indifferent.

Relevance of the chosen topic. The importance of studying Chuvash proverbs and sayings for the intellectual and moral level of students. Low level patriotism, philanthropy and diligence in modern society. Show the effectiveness of the use of proverbs and sayings in the lessons of the Chuvash language Help the child overcome the language barrier and instill a love for folk art.

The purpose of the project: Revealing the meaning and role of proverbs and sayings in the lessons of the Chuvash language in the Russian school. Main tasks: Analyze the textbook "Ch ǎ your ǎ mahĕ" for grade 8. Find proverbs and sayings in it. Consider the purpose for which they are included in the textbook materials. Group the proverbs and sayings included in the textbook. Conduct a survey among 8th grade students in order to determine the attitude of schoolchildren to proverbs and sayings and use them in their speech.

I. Theoretical part. Among many verbally poetry Chuvash people have long been and are short in form, but capacious in meaning, works of small epic genre– vattisen with ǎ mahĕs – sayings of the old (i.e. experienced people with great life experience).

Proverbs are the authoritative opinion of the people, supported by wise elders. The Chuvash proverbs are called “vattisen with ǎ mahĕs”, which means “teachings of elders wise with life experience”, and sayings are called “kalar ǎ sh”. A proverb is approved for centuries public opinion people, which is applied to the moral assessment of all cases of life.

Based on an in-depth analysis of the textbook by Pechnikov O.I., Pechnikova M.N. Chuvash word: Textbook of the Chuvash language for the 8th grade of the Russian school. - Cheboksary: ​​Chuvash. Book. Publishing house, - 287s. we found only 135 units of proverbs and sayings. Proverbs are contained in both the theoretical and practical parts of the texts.

Considering the typology of academician G.N. Volkov, the proverbs included in the textbook can be divided into following groups: Groups of proverbs Number Accuracy, tolerance 3 Honesty 4 Modesty, kindness. Greed. 27 Friendship, friends4 Vigilance5 Confidence1 Knowledge12 Education34 Labor13 Parents, family6 Motherland3 Nature23

Thus, proverbs and sayings give a clear assessment of all aspects of the life of the Chuvash people: modesty and confidence (Çynna with ǎ payl ǎ hil karet), truth and lies (С ǎ mah pat ǎ n - purn ǎ çla), mind and stupidity (Ǎ sa mul tumast, mula ǎ with t ǎ vat), love of work and laziness (Ĕçne kura kash ǎ k shyra), dishonesty and greed (Tÿrĕpe kuk ǎ r kilĕshtermeçççĕ), striving for prosperity (Pĕr pus pĕr tenkĕne pereketlet).

In order to determine the attitude of schoolchildren to proverbs and sayings and their use in their speech among students in grade 8, a survey was conducted. 40 students were interviewed. There are only 4 questions in the questionnaire and look like this. Questionnaire. 1. Expand the content of the term "proverbs and sayings" 2. Name the proverbs and sayings often used in your speech, in Russian and in the Chuvash languages. 3. Why do we need proverbs and sayings? 4. Favorite proverbs of your family.

Survey questions Answers and results 1. Expand the content of the term "Proverbs and sayings" 92% 2. Proverbs and sayings used in your speech in Russian and Chuvash "Çichchĕ viç te pĕrre kass" - 8 people. "Ĕçren an khǎra vǎl khǎy sanran khǎratǎr" - 7 pers. “Do not have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends” - 5 people. "Zǎkǎrtan asli çuk" - 4 people "Knowledge is power" - 4 people. "Kam ĕçlemest çav çimest" - 3 people. “You go quieter - you will continue” - 2 people. “Uy kuçla, vǎrman hǎlhallǎ” - 2 pers. "The forest is cut, the chips fly" - 2 people. "Hurry - make people laugh" - 2 people. “The further into the forest, the more firewood” - 1 person.

3. Why do we need proverbs and sayings? 1. To make the speech interesting, meaningful and instructive. 2. Instill love for native land And mother tongue. 3. To be kind, fair. 4. To be able to express their thoughts, opinions 5. To love and respect their parents, to read older generation. 4. Favorite proverbs of your family. "Payan tumalli ĕçe yrana an khǎvar" "Language will bring to Kyiv" "Tukhman çyn tukhsan tǎman go out"

Conclusion. - In the course of working on the project, the guys came to the conclusion that proverbs are needed today. They decorate our speech, help to express the position of the speaker. Proverbs are the liveliness of the language, the mind, the erudition of the speaker. - Proved that proverbs are necessary in our communication. Correct use Proverbs in speech reflects the level of upbringing and culture of a person.

Without proverbs and sayings, our speech would be meager. They have a huge educational value. And therefore, textbooks need to include such texts, tasks, which contain proverbs and sayings. - The longevity of proverbs and sayings can be explained by the fact that they pass from generation to generation. Chuvash proverbs and sayings were created wise people. Many of them are valuable and relevant in the conversations and speeches of our time. Conclusion.

The first written mention of the Chuvash people refers to XVI century. Among scientists, disputes about the origin of this people do not subside. However, most researchers agree that the Chuvash are descendants of the culture of the Volga Bulgaria. And the ancestors of the Chuvash are the tribes of the Volga Finns, who in the 7th-8th centuries. mingled with Turkic tribes. Interestingly, during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the ancestors of the Chuvash were part of the Kazakh Khanate, without losing some independence at the same time.

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The wisdom of the older generation for the benefit of the young

Here is one of the Chuvash proverbs that will come in handy young generation: "". Young people often consider themselves to be independent and experienced enough to make decisions about their lives. And this is completely natural - after all, everyone wants to go their own way. However, do not forget that life is full of difficulties and unpredictable situations. And often only a senior mentor can help in overcoming them. The Chuvash, like many other peoples, knew this wisdom well. And so they instruct the young through useful proverbs. Only the older and more experienced can teach the young how to avoid certain difficulties. After all old man I have already encountered these difficulties, but the youngster has not yet.

Envy is the worst vice

Chuvash proverbs reflect the most different sides human life. "Alien food tastes better," says folk wisdom Chuvash. This truth is true for representatives of any nationality. After all, regardless of nationality people have the same weaknesses. And one of those vices is envy. When it seems to a person that other people are doing better than him, this indicates an inability to be grateful for what is already there. An envious person will never be happy - after all, in any situation there are people who are richer, more comfortable, more talented than he is. Therefore, you need to develop your ability to appreciate life and the benefits that it gives.

Lazy is always poor

Another Chuvash proverb shares the well-known wisdom: "A lazy person's wallet is empty." Indeed, those people who do not make efforts to improve their well-being will always experience a shortage of money. When a person is not lazy, tries to solve his financial difficulties, sooner or later he will embark on the path of abundance. The lazy person will have to be content with the meager property that he has. Therefore, people who do not seek to overcome their laziness may face the most dire consequences its inaction, up to complete ruin. From this point of view, this Chuvash proverb will be very useful to everyone.

External beauty is fleeting

“Beauty for a while, kindness forever,” says another folk wisdom. Human goodness comes and goes. And no matter how progressive the modern beauty industry becomes, no one has yet managed to escape old age, which is also reminiscent of this Chuvash proverb in Russian. So far, people have not figured out main secret aging. maybe it's for the best. After all, in this way a person has the opportunity to develop his best spiritual qualities to appreciate the inner, spiritual beauty. Those for whom the source of joy is only their own plausibility make a deliberately losing bet. Outer beauty will disappear sooner or later. And kindness and other noble spiritual qualities will remain with a person forever.

Folk observations of personality changes

Chuvash proverbs and sayings often reflect reality in very capacious and clear statements. “The meek became formidable,” says the folk wisdom of the Chuvash. This saying reflects a frequent situation when at first humble and humble person for some reason, he shows a completely different side of his character. This proverb has a hint of contempt for such a transformation of personality. After all, when a modest person becomes impudent, this does not mean that he has become better and has risen to a new level. spiritual development. Rather, one who can curb his impudence and become formidable is worthy of respect.

Nature cannot be changed

“You can’t make a dog a fox,” says another proverb of the Chuvash people. This wisdom will also be true for all peoples, because it says that the nature of a living being is unchanging. With the help of images given proverb teaches that a person cannot become different, change his character completely. At the very least, it is extremely difficult to do so. And if a person initially possesses any personal quality it's almost impossible to change. This psychological truth was well known Chuvash people which gave rise to this proverb.

Proverb about the internal motives of a person

Another one Chuvash wisdom says: "You can't fit inside a man." This means that it is impossible to calculate in advance how the other will act. His motives are unknown to anyone but himself. Sometimes it can seem that there are warm and open relationships between people. Even in this case, a person does not fully open his soul to another, and the closest friendship presupposes the presence of his own interests, values, and motives. Therefore, it is impossible to calculate the actions of another. After all, a person himself can do something that will be unexpected for him.

Trouble after trouble

You can't sew without a thread and a shabby blanket

There is no bread without bran

Without the advice of the elders, things will not work

Birch bark will not become paper

In the bush where the wolves are found, the goat does not live

They don’t carry firewood into the forest, they don’t pour water into the well

In the forest, the berries ripened, and the old woman died from the cold

Among the people there are stronger than the strong, smarter than the smart

In one year the quail grows fat, in another year - dergach

In the household and a crooked nail will come in handy

You can't get inside a person.

The crow says: "My chicks are white"

Every young man will grow old, but an old man will never be young.

The elm bends while it's young

Where there is laughter, there are tears

Looking at the mother, take the daughter

A rotten linden stands for a hundred years

They say that work will remain for three days even after death.

You won't be young twice

The case is argued when there are many workers

Firewood is burning - smoke is coming

The soul of the parents is in the children, and the heart of the children is in the bears

His grandmother and my aunt were gathering bones in the same clearing.

If you feed an orphan heifer, your lips will be covered in oil, but if you raise an orphan boy, your face will be covered in blood.

If you say "honey", "honey", it will not be sweet in your mouth

If one gives a hand, the other will not meet him with a club

Stock is the best

And the starling sometimes whistles like a nightingale

He who walks a detour found happiness, he who goes straight to need ran into

You can't make a feather bed out of one feather

He who has children worries, but the childless mourns

Another word is sharper than a knife

How will the priests live if a hundred people in the parish do not die in one year?

Alien food tastes better

Word equals gold

You can't build a cage with prayer

The rook says: “Though black, still your child”

Without the advice of the elders, things will not work

After sorrow comes joy

What is the face, such is the soul

A wife without a husband is like a mare without a bridle

What is the bread, such is the case

If it breaks through forty teeth, it will spread to forty villages

Tongue without bones

Native is sweet, someone else's bitter

An animal that has not experienced the cold of winter cannot appreciate the warmth of the summer sun.

And the stump will be beautiful, like a matchmaker, if you dress him up

Old elm comes with a hollow

Trouble rides a troika, but happiness walks

Trouble after trouble

Without knowing the words, don't speak

Bad fame flies in the wind, but good fame goes on foot

The truth saves from death

The child does not cry - the mother does not hear

Note:

Everyone praises the truth, but no one believes lies

Alien food tastes better

Word equals gold

You can't build a cage with prayer

Cattle with cattle and man with man are not the same

Too picky will get the bastards

What is said to the daughter, let the daughter-in-law hear

The rook says: “Though black, still your child”

Elm seeds fall at his butt

Without the advice of the elders, things will not work

After sorrow comes joy

What is the face, such is the soul

A wife without a husband is like a mare without a bridle

What is the bread, such is the case

A person who has experienced hunger and satiety

Yogurt will not become milk, a woman will not become a girl

If it breaks through forty teeth, it will spread to forty villages

Tongue without bones

If you don't speak, there won't be words; if you don't carpentry, there won't be chips.

Native is sweet, someone else's bitter

An animal that has not experienced the cold of winter cannot appreciate the warmth of the summer sun.

You can't fool an old man with words

His tongue is sharp, but the words are stupid

And the stump will be beautiful, like a matchmaker, if you dress him up

Old elm comes with a hollow

Trouble rides a troika, but happiness walks

Defeated the cat but was defeated by the mouse

Before you build a building, prepare the roof

What they said in the old days is true

A child who does not cry is not given a breast.

Look at the groom's father, give your daughter

Trouble after trouble

Without knowing the words, don't speak

Who lay in the shade, hoping for God, was left without a single piece of bread

Bad fame flies in the wind, but good fame goes on foot

The truth saves from death

A small herd - what a short lasso

The child does not cry - the mother does not hear

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The first written mention of the Chuvash people dates back to the 16th century. Among scientists, disputes about the origin of this people do not subside. However, most researchers agree that the Chuvash are descendants of the culture of the Volga Bulgaria. And the ancestors of the Chuvash are the tribes of the Volga Finns, who in the 7th-8th centuries. mixed with the Turkic tribes. Interestingly, during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the ancestors of the Chuvash were part of the Kazakh Khanate, without losing some independence at the same time.

The wisdom of the older generation for the benefit of the young

Here is one of the Chuvash proverbs that will be useful to the younger generation: "Things will not work without the advice of the old people." Young people often consider themselves to be independent and experienced enough to make decisions about their lives. And this is completely natural - after all, everyone wants to go their own way. However, do not forget that life is full of difficulties and unpredictable situations. And often only a senior mentor can help in overcoming them. The Chuvash, like many other peoples, knew this wisdom well. And so they instruct the young through a useful proverb. Only the older and more experienced can teach the young how to avoid certain difficulties. After all, an elderly person has already encountered these difficulties, but a youth has not yet.

Envy is the worst vice

Chuvash proverbs reflect the most diverse aspects of human life. “Alien food seems tastier,” says Chuvash folk wisdom. This truth is true for representatives of any nationality. After all, regardless of nationality, people have the same weaknesses. And one of those vices is envy. When it seems to a person that other people are doing better than him, this indicates an inability to be grateful for what is already there. An envious person will never be happy - after all, in any situation there are people who are richer, more comfortable, more talented than he is. Therefore, you need to develop your ability to appreciate life and the benefits that it gives.

Lazy is always poor

Another Chuvash proverb shares the well-known wisdom: "A lazy person's wallet is empty." Indeed, those people who do not make efforts to improve their well-being will always experience a shortage of money. When a person is not lazy, tries to solve his financial difficulties, sooner or later he will embark on the path of abundance. The lazy person will have to be content with the meager property that he has. Therefore, people who do not seek to overcome their laziness may face the most terrible consequences of their inaction, up to complete ruin. From this point of view, this Chuvash proverb will be very useful to everyone.

External beauty is fleeting

“Beauty for a while, kindness forever,” says another folk wisdom. Human goodness comes and goes. And no matter how progressive the modern beauty industry becomes, no one has yet managed to escape old age, which is also reminiscent of this Chuvash proverb in Russian. So far, people have not unraveled the main secret of aging. maybe it's for the best. After all, in this way a person has the opportunity to develop his best spiritual qualities, to appreciate the inner, spiritual beauty. Those for whom the source of joy is only their own plausibility make a deliberately losing bet. Outer beauty will disappear sooner or later. And kindness and other noble spiritual qualities will remain with a person forever.

Folk observations of personality changes

Chuvash proverbs and sayings often reflect reality in very capacious and clear statements. “The meek became formidable,” says the folk wisdom of the Chuvash. This saying reflects a frequent situation when at first a humble and modest person, for some reason, shows a completely different side of his character. This proverb has a hint of contempt for such a transformation of personality. After all, when a modest person becomes impudent, this does not mean that he has become better and has risen to a new stage of spiritual development. Rather, one who can curb his impudence and become formidable is worthy of respect.

Nature cannot be changed

“You can’t make a dog a fox,” says another proverb of the Chuvash people. This wisdom will also be true for all peoples, because it says that the nature of a living being is unchanging. With the help of images, this proverb teaches that a person cannot become different, completely change his character. At the very least, it is extremely difficult to do so. And if a person initially has some kind of personal quality, then it is almost impossible to change. This psychological truth was well known to the Chuvash people, which was the reason for the emergence of this proverb.

Proverb about the internal motives of a person

Another Chuvash wisdom says: "You can't fit inside a person." This means that it is impossible to calculate in advance how the other will act. His motives are unknown to anyone but himself. Sometimes it can seem that there are warm and open relationships between people. Even in this case, a person does not fully open his soul to another, and the closest friendship presupposes the presence of his own interests, values, and motives. Therefore, it is impossible to calculate the actions of another. After all, a person himself can do something that will be unexpected for him.