Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875)
More than one generation of people grew up on the works of the Danish writer, storyteller and playwright. WITH early childhood Hans was a visionary and a dreamer, he adored puppet theaters and began to write poetry early. His father died when Hans was not even ten years old, the boy worked as an apprentice at a tailor, then at a cigarette factory, at the age of 14 he was already playing minor roles V Royal Theater in Copenhagen. Andersen wrote his first play at the age of 15, it was a great success, in 1835 his first book of fairy tales was published, which many children and adults read with delight to this day. Of his works, the most famous are Flint, Thumbelina, The Little Mermaid, Steadfast Tin Soldier, The Snow Queen”,“ The Ugly Duckling ”,“ The Princess and the Pea ”and many others.
Charles Perrault (1628-1703)
The French storyteller, critic and poet was an exemplary excellent student in childhood. He received a good education, made a career as a lawyer and writer, he was admitted to the French Academy, wrote a lot scientific papers. He published his first book of fairy tales under a pseudonym - the name of his eldest son was indicated on the cover, since Perrault was afraid that the storyteller's reputation could damage his career. In 1697, his collection "Tales of Mother Goose" was published, which brought Perrault world fame. According to the plot of his fairy tales, famous ballets and operatic works. As for the most famous works, few people did not read in childhood about Puss in Boots, Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, Little Red Riding Hood, Gingerbread house, Thumb boy, Blue beard.
Sergeyevich Pushkin (1799-1837)
Not only the poems and poems of the great poet and playwright enjoy the well-deserved love of people, but also wonderful fairy tales in verse.
Alexander Pushkin began to write his poems at an early age, he received a good home education, graduated from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum (privileged educational institution), was friends with other famous poets, including the "Decembrists". In the life of the poet there were both periods of ups and tragic events: accusations of freethinking, misunderstanding and condemnation of the authorities, finally, a fatal duel, as a result of which Pushkin received a mortal wound and died at the age of 38. But his legacy remains: last fairy tale, written by the poet, became "The Tale of the Golden Cockerel". Also known are “The Tale of Tsar Saltan”, “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish”, the Tale of dead princess and seven bogatyrs", "The Tale of the Priest and Worker Balda".
Brothers Grimm: Wilhelm (1786-1859), Jacob (1785-1863)
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm from their youth to the very gravestone were inseparable water: they were tied common interests and general adventure. Wilhelm Grimm grew up sickly and weak boy, only in adulthood his health more or less returned to normal, Jacob always supported his brother. The Grimm brothers were not only connoisseurs of German folklore, but also linguists, lawyers, scientists. One brother chose the path of a philologist, studying the memoirs of ancient German literature, the other became a scientist. world fame fairy tales were brought to the brothers, although some works are considered “not for children”. The most famous are Snow White and Scarlet, Straw, Coal and Bean, Bremen Street musicians”, “The Brave Little Tailor”, “The Wolf and the Seven Kids”, “Hansel and Gretel” and others.
Pavel Petrovich Bazhov (1879-1950)
Russian writer and folklorist, the first to perform literary processing Ural legends, left us an invaluable legacy. He was born into a simple working-class family, but this did not stop him from graduating from the seminary and becoming a teacher of the Russian language. In 1918, he volunteered for the front, returning, he decided to turn to journalism. Only on the 60th anniversary of the author was published a collection of short stories " Malachite Box", which brought Bazhov people's love. It is interesting that fairy tales are made in the form of legends: folk speech, folklore images make each piece special. Most famous fairy tales: "Mistress of the Copper Mountain", " silver hoof”, “Malachite Box”, “Two Lizards”, “Golden Hair”, “Stone Flower”.
Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936)
Famous writer, poet and reformer. Rudyard Kipling was born in Bombay (India), at the age of 6 he was brought to England, he later called those years “years of suffering”, because the people who raised him turned out to be cruel and indifferent. Future Writer received an education, returned to India, and then went on a journey, visiting many countries in Asia and America. When the writer was 42 years old, he was awarded Nobel Prize- and to this day he remains the youngest writer-laureate in his nomination. Kipling's most famous children's book is, of course, The Jungle Book, the main character of which was the boy Mowgli, it is also very interesting to read other fairy tales: the leopard got his spots”, they all tell about distant lands and are very interesting.
Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (1776-1822)
Hoffmann was a very versatile and talented person: composer, artist, writer, storyteller. He was born in Koningsberg when he was 3 years old, his parents separated: the older brother left with his father, and Ernst stayed with his mother, Hoffmann never saw his brother again. Ernst has always been a mischievous and dreamer, he was often called a "troublemaker." Interestingly, next to the house where the Hoffmanns lived, there was a women's boarding house, and Ernst liked one of the girls so much that he even began to dig a tunnel to get to know her. When the manhole was almost ready, my uncle found out about it and ordered to fill up the passage. Hoffmann always dreamed that after his death there would be a memory of him - and it happened, his fairy tales are read to this day: the most famous ones are “The Golden Pot”, “The Nutcracker”, “Little Tsakhes, nicknamed Zinnober” and others.
Alan Milne (1882-1856)
Who among us does not know funny bear with sawdust in his head - Winnie the Pooh and his funny friends? - the author of these funny fairy tales and is Alan Milne. The writer spent his childhood in London, he was wonderful an educated person, then served in the Royal Army. The first bear stories were written in 1926. Interestingly, Alan did not read his works to his own son Christopher, preferring to educate him on more serious literary stories. Christopher read his father's fairy tales as an adult. The books have been translated into 25 languages and enjoy great success in many countries around the world. In addition to stories about Winnie the Pooh famous fairy tales "Princess Nesmeyana", " ordinary fairy tale"," Rabbit Prince "and others.
Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1882-1945)
Alexei Tolstoy wrote in many genres and styles, received the title of academician, and during the war he was a war correspondent. As a child, Alexei lived on the Sosnovka farm in the house of his stepfather (his mother left his father, Count Tolstoy, while pregnant). Tolstoy spent several years abroad, studying the literature and folklore of different countries: this is how the idea arose to rewrite new way fairy tale Pinocchio. In 1935, his book The Golden Key or the Adventures of Pinocchio was published. Alexei Tolstoy also released 2 collections of his own fairy tales, called "Mermaid Tales" and " Forty tales". The most famous "adult" works are "Walking through the torments", "Aelita", "Hyperboloid of engineer Garin".
Alexander Nikolaevich Afanasiev (1826-1871)
This is an outstanding folklorist and historian, who from his youth was fond of folk art and studied it. At first he worked as a journalist in the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, at which time he began his research. Afanasiev is considered one of the most prominent scientists of the 20th century, his collection of Russian folk tales is the only collection of Russian East Slavic tales that can be called " folk book“, because more than one generation has grown up on them. The first publication dates back to 1855, since then the book has been reprinted more than once.
Literary author's fairy tale- probably one of the most popular genres of our time. Interest in such works is inexhaustible both among children and among their parents, and Russian writers of fairy tales have made a worthy contribution to the common creative work. It should be remembered that a literary fairy tale is different from folklore on several parameters. First of all, the fact that it has a specific author. There are also differences in the way the material is conveyed and in the clear use of plots and images, allowing one to say that this genre has the right to complete independence.
Poetic Tales of Pushkin
If you make a list of fairy tales by Russian writers, then it will take more than one sheet of paper. Moreover, creations were written not only in prose, but also in verse. Here a prime example can serve A. Pushkin, initially not planning to compose children's works. But after a while, the poetic creations “About Tsar Saltan”, “About the priest and his worker Balda”, “About the dead princess and the seven heroes”, “About the golden cockerel” added to the list of fairy tales of Russian writers. A simple and figurative form of presentation, memorable images, vivid plots - all this is characteristic of the work of the great poet. And these works are still included in the treasury
List continued
Some other, no less famous, can be attributed to the literary tales of the period under consideration. Russian writers of fairy tales: Zhukovsky ("The War of Mice and Frogs"), Ershov ("The Little Humpbacked Horse"), Aksakov ("The Scarlet Flower") - made their worthy contribution to the development of the genre. And the great collector of folklore and interpreter of the Russian language Dal also wrote a certain number of fairy-tale works. Among them: "Crow", "Girl Snow Maiden", "About the woodpecker" and others. You can also recall other fairy tales of famous Russian writers: “The Wind and the Sun”, “The Blind Horse”, “The Fox and the Goat” by Ushinsky, “The Black Hen, or Underground inhabitants" Pogorelsky, "The Traveling Frog", "The Tale of the Toad and the Rose" by Garshin, " wild landlord», « wise gudgeon» Saltykov-Shchedrin. Of course, this is not a complete list.
Russian writers of fairy tales
Leo Tolstoy, and Paustovsky, and Mamin-Sibiryak, and Gorky, and many others wrote literary fairy tales. Among especially outstanding works we can note the "Golden Key" by Tolstoy Alexei. The work was planned as a free retelling of "Pinocchio" by Carlo Collodi. But here is the case when the alteration surpassed the original - this is how many Russian-speaking critics evaluate the writer's work. The wooden boy Pinocchio, familiar to everyone from childhood, won the hearts of young readers and their parents for a long time with his spontaneity and brave heart. We all remember Pinocchio's friends: Malvina, Artemon, Pierrot. And his enemies: the evil Karabas and the nasty Duremar, and the fox Alice. Vivid images The characters are so peculiar and original, recognizable, that once you read Tolstoy's work, you remember them for the rest of your life.
Revolutionary tales
These include with confidence the creation of Yuri Olesha "Three Fat Men". In this tale, the author reveals the theme of the class struggle against the background of such eternal values like friendship, mutual assistance; the characters of the heroes are distinguished by courage and revolutionary impulse. And the work of Arkady Gaidar "Malchish-Kibalchish" tells about difficult period to become Soviet state - civil war. The boy is a bright, memorable symbol of that era of struggle for revolutionary ideals. It is no coincidence that these images were later used by other authors, for example, in the work of Joseph Kurlat, who in the fairy tale-poem "The Song of the Malchish-Kibalchish" revived the bright image of the hero.
These authors include those who gave literature such fairy tales-plays as "The Naked King", "Shadow" - based on the works of Andersen. And his original creations "Dragon" and " Ordinary miracle”(at first prohibited from being staged) forever entered the treasury of Soviet literature.
The poetic works of the genre include the fairy tales of Korney Chukovsky: “Fly-Tsokotukha”, “Moydodyr”, “Barmaley”, “Aibolit”, “Cockroach”. To this day they are the most widely read fairy tales in Russia for children of all ages. Instructive and daring, brave and monstrous images and characters of the heroes are recognizable from the first lines. And the poems of Marshak, and the delightful work of Kharms? And Zakhoder, Moritz and Kurlat? It is impossible to list them all in this rather short article.
Modern evolution of the genre
We can say that the genre literary fairy tale evolved from folklore, in a sense, exploiting its plots and images of characters. So at present, many Russian writers of fairy tales are evolving into science fiction writers, giving birth to good works in the fashionable fantasy style. These authors, probably, include Yemets, Gromyko, Lukyanenko, Fry, Oldie and many others. This is a worthy change. previous generations writers of literary tales.
Hans Christian Andersen
Danish prose writer and poet, author of world-famous fairy tales for children and adults: " Ugly duck"," The King's New Dress", "The Steadfast Tin Soldier", "The Princess and the Pea", " Ole Lukoye"," The Snow Queen "and many others. Despite the fact that Hans Christian Andersen is one of the best storytellers, he had a very bad character. In Denmark, there is a legend about the royal origin of Andersen.
In Denmark, there is a legend about the royal origin of Andersen
This is due to the fact that in an early autobiography the author himself wrote about how, as a child, he played with Prince Frits, later King Frederick VII, and he had no friends among street boys. Only the prince. Andersen's friendship with Frits, according to the storyteller's fantasy, continued into adulthood, until the latter's death, and, according to the writer himself, he was the only one, with the exception of relatives, who was admitted to the coffin of the deceased.
Charles Perrault
Few people know that Perrot was an academician of the French Academy, the author of famous scientific works. But worldwide fame and the recognition of descendants brought him not serious books, but beautiful fairy tales Cinderella, Puss in Boots, Bluebeard, Little Red Riding Hood, Sleeping Beauty.
Perrault was an academician of the French Academy, the author of scientific papers
Perrault published his fairy tales not under own name, but under the name of his 19-year-old son Perro d'Armancourt, apparently trying to protect his already established literary reputation from accusations of working with the "low" fairy tale genre.
Brothers Grimm
The Brothers Grimm: Jacob and Wilhelm, German Researchers folk culture and storytellers. They were born in Hanau. For a long time lived in the city of Kassel. ANDstudied the grammar of the Germanic languages, the history of law and mythology. The fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm are known all over the world. They collected folklore and published several collections called Grimm's Tales, which became quite popular. At the end of their lives, they set about creating the first dictionary of the German language.
Pavel Petrovich Bazhov
In 1939, a collection of Bazhov's tales "Malachite Box" was published.
He was born in the city of Sysert, Yekaterinburg district, Perm province. Graduated religious school Yekaterinburg, and later the Perm Theological Seminary. He worked as a teacher, political worker, journalist and editor of the Ural newspapers. In 1939, a collection of Bazhov's tales "The Malachite Box" was published.In 1944, The Malachite Box was translated into English and published in London and New York, then in Prague, and in 1947 in Paris. Translated into German, Hungarian, Romanian, Chinese, Japanese languages. In total, according to the library. Lenin - into 100 languages of the world.
Astrid Lindgren
Lindgren's fairy tales are close to folk art, in them the connection of fantasy with the truth of life is palpable.Author of a number of worldwide famous books for children, includingKid and Carlson, who lives on the roof» and tetralogy about« Peppy long stocking » . In Russian, her books became known and very popular thanks to the translation.Lilianna Lungina.
Lindgren dedicated almost all of her books to children. “I haven’t written books for adults and I don’t think I ever will,” Astrid said emphatically. She, along with the heroes of the books, taught the children that “If you don’t live out of habit, whole life there will be a day!
The writer herself always called her childhood happy (it had a lot of games and adventures, interspersed with work on the farm and in its environs) and pointed out that it was it that served as a source of inspiration for her work.
Rudyard Kipling
Famous writer, poet and reformer. Heborn in Bombay (India), at the age of 6 he was brought to England, those years he later called "years of suffering". When the writer was 42 years old, he was awarded the Nobel Prize - and to this day he remains the youngest writer-winner in his nomination.
Kipling's most famous children's book is The Jungle Book.
Kipling's most famous children's book is, of course, The Jungle Book, the main character of which was the boy Mowgli, it is also very interesting to read other fairy tales: the leopard got his spots”, they all tell about distant lands and are very interesting.
Fairy tales accompany our life from the cradle. Children do not yet know how to talk, and mothers and fathers, grandparents are already beginning to communicate with them through fairy tales. The child does not yet understand a word, but listens to the intonation native voice and smiles. There is so much kindness, love, sincerity in fairy tales that it is clear without any words.
Storytellers have been revered in Rus' since ancient times. Indeed, thanks to them, life, often gray and miserable, was painted in bright colors. The fairy tale gave hope and faith in miracles, made children happy.
I would like to know who these wizards are, who know how to cure melancholy and boredom, grief and misfortune with a word. Let's meet some of them, shall we?
Creator of the Flower City
Nikolai Nikolaevich Nosov first wrote works by hand, then typed on a typewriter. He had no assistants, secretaries, he did everything himself.Who at least once in their life has not heard of such a bright and controversial character as Dunno? Nikolai Nikolaevich Nosov is the creator of this interesting and cute shorty.
The author of the wonderful flower city, where each street was named after a flower, was born in 1908 in Kyiv. The father of the future writer was pop singer, And a little boy I went to the concerts of my beloved dad with enthusiasm. Everyone around prophesied a singing future for little Kolya.
But all the boy's interest faded after he was bought the long-awaited violin, which he had been asking for so long. Soon the violin was abandoned. But Kolya was always fond of and interested in something. With the same zeal, he was drawn to music, and to chess, and to photography, and to chemistry, and to electrical engineering. Everything in this world was interesting to him, which was reflected in the future on his work.
The first fairy tales that he composed were exclusively for his son. He composed for his son Petya and his friends, and saw a response in their children's hearts. He realized that this was his destiny.
The creation of our favorite character Dunno Nosov was inspired by the writer Anna Khvolson. It is among her little forest men that the name Dunno is found. But only the name was borrowed from Hwolson. Otherwise Dunno Nosova is unique. There is something from Nosov himself in him, namely, love for wide-brimmed hats and brightness of thinking.
“Chebureks… Cheboksary… But there are no Cheburashkas!…
Eduard Uspensky, photo: daily.afisha.ru The author of the unknown animal Cheburashka, so beloved all over the world, Uspensky Eduard Nikolaevich, was born on December 22, 1937 in the city of Yegoryevsk, Moscow Region. His love for writing manifested itself already in student years. His first book, Uncle Fyodor, the Dog and the Cat, was published in 1974. The idea of creating this fairy tale came to his mind while working as a librarian in a children's camp.
Initially, in the book, Uncle Fyodor was supposed to be an adult forester. He had to live with a dog and a cat in the forest thicket. But not less famous writer Boris Zakhoder suggested that Eduard Uspensky make his character a little boy. The book was rewritten, but many adult features in the character of Uncle Fyodor remained.
An interesting moment is tracked in chapter 8 of the book about Uncle Fyodor, where Pechkin signs: “Goodbye. Postman in the village of Prostokvashino, Mozhaisk district, Pechkin. This refers, most likely, to the Mozhaisk district of the Moscow region. In fact locality with the name "Prostokvashino" is only in the Nizhny Novgorod region.
The cartoon about the cat Matroskin, the dog Sharik, their owner Uncle Fyodor and the harmful postman Pechkin has also become very popular. It is also interesting in the cartoon that the image of Matroskin was drawn after the animator Marina Voskanyants heard the voice of Oleg Tabakov.
Another cute and cute character of Eduard Uspensky, who became loved all over the world thanks to his charm, is Cheburashka.
Cheburashka, invented almost half a century ago by Uspensky, still does not lose its relevance - for example, recently the Federation Council proposed to name the Russian Internet, closed from the outside world, after the big-eared hero Such an awkward name appeared thanks to the author's friends, who called their clumsy daughter, who was just starting to walk, like that. The story of the box of oranges in which Cheburashka was found is also taken from life. Once Eduard Nikolaevich saw a huge chameleon in a box of bananas in the port of Odessa.
The writer is national hero Japan, thanks to Cheburashka, who is very much loved in this country. It is interesting that in different countries differently belong to the characters of the author, but without a doubt they are loved by all. For example, the Finns are very sympathetic to Uncle Fedor, in America they adore the old woman Shapoklyak, but the Japanese are completely in love with Cheburashka. There are no indifferent to the storyteller Uspensky in the world.
Schwartz as an ordinary miracle
Generations grew up on Schwartz's fairy tales - "The Tale of Lost Time", "Cinderella", "An Ordinary Miracle". And "Don Quixote", filmed by director Kozintsev according to the script by Schwartz, is still considered an unsurpassed adaptation of the great Spanish novel.
Evgeny Schwartz Evgeny Schwartz was born into an intelligent and prosperous family of an Orthodox Jewish doctor and midwife. From early childhood, Zhenya constantly moved with his parents from one city to another. And, finally, they settled in the city of Maikop. These transfers were a kind of links for revolutionary activity father of Evgeny Schwartz.
In 1914, Eugene entered the Faculty of Law Moscow University, but after 2 years I realized that this was not his way. He was always attracted by literature and art.
In 1917, he was drafted into the army, where he received a shell shock, which made his hands tremble all his life.
After demobilization from the army, Yevgeny Schwartz devoted himself entirely to creativity. In 1925, he published his first book of fairy tales, which was called "Tales of the Old Balalaika". Despite a lot of censorship, the book had big success. This circumstance inspired the author.
Encouraged, he wrote fairy tale play"Underwood", which was staged at the Leningrad Youth Theater. There were also performances of his subsequent plays - "Islands 5K" and "Treasure". And in 1934 Schwartz became a member of the Writers' Union of the USSR.
But in Stalin's time, his plays were no longer staged, they were seen as political overtones and satire. The writer was very worried about this.
Amazing stories, beautiful and mysterious, full of extraordinary events and adventures, are familiar to everyone - both old and small. Which of us did not empathize with Ivan Tsarevich when he fought with the Serpent Gorynych? Didn't admire Vasilisa the Wise, who defeated Baba Yaga?
Creation of a separate genre
Heroes who have not lost their popularity for more than one century are known to almost everyone. They came to us from fairy tales. No one knows when and how the first fairy tale appeared. But from time immemorial, from generation to generation passed on fairy tales, which over time acquired new miracles, events, heroes.
Charm old stories, fictitious, but full of meaning, A. S. Pushkin felt with all his heart. He was the first to derive a fairy tale from second-rate literature, which made it possible to single out Russian fairy tales. folk writers into a separate genre.
Thanks to the imagery, logical plot and figurative language Fairy tales have become a popular teaching medium. Not all of them are educational and educational in nature. Many perform only an entertaining function, but, nevertheless, the main features of a fairy tale, such as separate genre, is:
- setting for fiction;
- special compositional and stylistic techniques;
- targeting a children's audience;
- a combination of educational, upbringing and entertainment functions;
- the existence in the minds of readers of vivid prototypical images.
The genre of the fairy tale is very wide. This includes folk tales and authorial, poetic and prose, instructive and entertaining, simple one-plot fairy tales and complex multi-plot works.
19th century fairy tale writers
Russian writers of fairy tales have created a real treasury amazing stories. Starting from A. S. Pushkin, fairy threads were drawn to the work of many Russian writers. At the origins fairy tale genre literature stood:
- Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin;
- Mikhail Yurjevich Lermontov;
- Pyotr Pavlovich Ershov;
- Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov;
- Vladimir Ivanovich Dal;
- Vladimir Fedorovich Odoevsky;
- Alexey Alekseevich Perovsky;
- Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky;
- Mikhail Larionovich Mikhailov;
- Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov;
- Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin;
- Vsevolod Mikhailovich Garshin;
- Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy;
- Nikolai Georgievich Garin-Mikhailovsky;
- Dmitry Narkisovich Mamin-Sibiryak.
Let's take a closer look at their work.
Pushkin's Tales
The appeal of the great poet to the fairy tale was natural. He heard them from his grandmother, from the courtyard, from the nanny Arina Rodionovna. Experiencing deep impressions folk poetry, Pushkin wrote: “What a charm these fairy tales are!” In his works, the poet makes extensive use of turns folk speech, dressing them in an art form.
The talented poet combined in his fairy tales the life and customs of the Russian society of that time and the wonderful Magic world. His magnificent tales are written in a simple living language and are easy to remember. And, like many fairy tales of Russian writers, they perfectly reveal the conflict of light and darkness, good and evil.
The tale of Tsar Saltan ends with a merry feast glorifying goodness. The tale of the priest ridicules the ministers of the church, the tale of the fisherman and the fish shows what greed can lead to, the tale of the dead princess tells of envy and anger. In Pushkin's fairy tales, as in many folk tales, good triumphs over evil.
Writers-storytellers contemporaries of Pushkin
V. A. Zhukovsky was a friend of Pushkin. As he writes in his memoirs, Alexander Sergeevich, carried away by fairy tales, offered him a poetic tournament on the theme of Russian fairy tales. Zhukovsky accepted the challenge and wrote fairy tales about Tsar Berendey, about Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf.
He liked the work on fairy tales, and over the next years he wrote several more: “A Boy with a Finger”, “The Sleeping Princess”, “The War of Mice and Frogs”.
Russian writers of fairy tales introduced their readers to wonderful stories foreign literature. Zhukovsky was the first translator of foreign fairy tales. He translated and retold in verse the story "Nal and Damayanti" and the fairy tale "Puss in Boots".
An enthusiastic admirer of A.S. Pushkin M. Yu. Lermontov wrote the fairy tale "Ashik-Kerib". She was known in Central Asia, in the Middle East and the Caucasus. The poet translated it into a poetic way, and translated each unfamiliar word so that it became understandable to Russian readers. Beautiful oriental tale turned into a magnificent creation of Russian literature.
With brilliance, the young poet P. P. Ershov also clothed folk tales in poetic form. In his first fairy tale, The Little Humpbacked Horse, imitation of the great contemporary is clearly traced. The work was published during Pushkin's lifetime, and the young poet earned the praise of his famous colleague in writing.
Fairy tales with national flavor
Being a contemporary of Pushkin, S.T. Aksakov, began to write in late age. At the age of sixty-three, he began writing a biography book, the appendix of which was the work "The Scarlet Flower". Like many Russian writers of fairy tales, he opened to readers a story that he heard in childhood.
Aksakov tried to maintain the style of the work in the manner of the housekeeper Pelageya. The original dialect is palpable throughout the work, which did not stop " Scarlet flower to become one of the most beloved children's fairy tales.
rich and live speech Pushkin's fairy tales could not but captivate the great connoisseur of the Russian language V. I. Dahl. The linguist-philologist in his fairy tales tried to preserve the charm of everyday speech, to bring meaning and morality. folk proverbs and sayings. Such are the fairy tales “The Half-Bear”, “The Fox-Badfoot”, “The Snow Maiden Girl”, “The Crow”, “The Picky Lady”.
"New" fairy tales
V. F. Odoevsky, a contemporary of Pushkin, was one of the first to write fairy tales for children, which was a rarity. His fairy tale "The City in a Snuffbox" is the first work of this genre in which a different life was recreated. Almost all fairy tales told about peasant life, which Russian writers of fairy tales tried to convey. In this work, the author spoke about the life of a boy from prosperous family living in abundance.
"About the four deaf" - a fairy tale-parable, borrowed from Indian folklore. The most famous fairy tale of the writer "Moroz Ivanovich" is completely borrowed from folk Russian fairy tales. But the author brought novelty to both works - he spoke about the life of the city house and family, included in the canvas the children who were pupils of the boarding house and school.
A. A. Perovsky's fairy tale "The Black Hen" was written by the author for Alyosha's nephew. Perhaps this explains the excessive instructiveness of the work. It should be noted that the fairy-tale lessons did not go unnoticed and had a beneficial effect on his nephew Alexei Tolstoy, who later became a famous prose writer and playwright. Peru of this author belongs to the story-tale "Lafertovskaya Makovnitsa", which was highly appreciated by A. S. Pushkin.
Didactics is clearly visible in the works of K. D. Ushinsky, the great teacher-reformer. But the moral of his tales is unobtrusive. They wake up good feelings: fidelity, sympathy, nobility, justice. These include fairy tales: "Mice", "Fox Patrikeevna", "Fox and Geese", "Crow and Cancer", "Kids and Wolf".
Other tales of the 19th century
Like all literature in general, fairy tales could not but tell about the liberation struggle and revolutionary movement 70s of the XIX century. These include the tales of M.L. Mikhailov: "Forest Mansions", "Duma". The suffering and tragedy of the people in his fairy tales shows and famous poet ON THE. Nekrasov. Satirist M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in his works exposed the essence of the landowner's hatred for common people, spoke about the oppression of the peasants.
V. M. Garshin touched upon the pressing problems of his time in his fairy tales. The most famous tales of the writer are "The Traveling Frog", "About the Toad and the Rose".
Many fairy tales were written by L.N. Tolstoy. The first of them were created for the school. Tolstoy wrote small fairy tales, parables and fables. Great connoisseur human souls Lev Nikolaevich in his works called for conscience and honest work. The writer criticized social inequality and unjust laws.
N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky wrote works in which the approach of social upheavals is clearly felt. Such are the fairy tales "Three Brothers" and "Volmai". Garin visited many countries of the world and, of course, this was reflected in his work. While traveling in Korea, he wrote down more than a hundred Korean fairy tales, myths and legends.
Writer D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak joined the ranks of glorious Russian storytellers with such wonderful works as " gray neck", a collection of" Alyonushka's Tales ", a fairy tale" About Tsar Pea ".
A significant contribution to this genre was made by later tales of Russian writers. The list of remarkable works of the twentieth century is very long. But fairy tales of the 19th century will forever remain a model of classical fairy tale literature.
