What works of Russian classics, affecting the problems of intergenerational relationships, are close to the play by A. N. Ostrovsky and in what way?
Read the text fragment below and complete tasks B1-B7; C1-C2. STEP 1
Phenomenon 5
Kabanova, Kabanov, Katerina and Varvara
Kabanova. If you want to listen to your mother, then when you get there, do as I ordered you.
Kabanov. But how can I, mother, disobey you!
Kabanova. There is not much respect for elders these days.
barbarian (About myself). Do not respect you, how!
Kabanov. I, it seems, mother, not a step out of your will.
Kabanova. I would have believed you, my friend, if I had not seen with my own eyes and heard with my own ears, what is now the reverence for parents from children! If only they remembered how many diseases mothers endure from children.
Kabanov. I mama...
Kabanova. If a parent that when and insulting, in your pride, says so, I think it could be transferred! A! How do you think?
Kabanov. But when did I, mother, not endure from you?
Kabanova. Mother is old, stupid; well, and you, smart young people, should not exact from us, fools.
Kabanov (sigh, to the side). Oh you, Lord! (Mothers.)
Do we dare, mother, to think!
Kabanova. After all, out of love, parents are strict with you, out of love they scold you, everyone thinks to teach good. Well, now I don't like it. And the children will go to people to praise that the mother is grumbling, that the mother does not give a pass, she shrinks from the light. And, God forbid, one cannot please the daughter-in-law with some word, well, the conversation began that the mother-in-law completely ate.
Kabanov. Something, mother, who is talking about you?
Kabanova. I didn’t hear, my friend, I didn’t hear, I don’t want to lie. If only I had heard, I would not have spoken to you, my dear, then. (Sighs.) Oh, a grave sin! That's a long time to sin something! Talk close to the heart will go, well, you will sin, you will be angry. No, my friend, say what you want about me. You will not order anyone to speak; they won’t dare in the eyes, so they will become behind the eyes.
Kabanov. Let your tongue dry.
Kabanova. Complete, complete, don't worry! Sin! I have long seen that your wife is dearer to you than your mother. Since I got married, I don’t see the same love from you.
Kabanov. What do you see, mother?
Kabanova. Yes, everything, my friend! What a mother cannot see with her eyes, she has a prophetic heart, she can feel with her heart. Al wife takes you away from me, I don’t know.
Kabanov. No, mother! what are you, have mercy!
Katerina. For me, mama, it's all the same own mother that you, and Tikhon loves you too.
Kabanova. You would, it seems, could be silent, if you are not asked. Do not intercede, mother, I will not offend, I suppose! After all, he is also my son; you don't forget it! What did you jump out in the eyes of something to poke! To see, or what, how you love your husband? So we know, we know, in the eyes of something you prove it to everyone.
barbarian (About myself). Found a place to read.
Katerina. You are talking about me, mother, in vain. With people, that without people, I'm all alone, I don't prove anything from myself.
Kabanova. Yes, I didn’t want to talk about you; and so, by the way, I had to.
A. N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
Explanation.
In the drama N.A. Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm", the house building is gradually collapsing by the unwillingness of the "children" to obey the tyranny of the older generation. Barbara snaps with his mother, Tikhon timidly contradicts. main character Katerina does not fit into the order " dark kingdom". Despite the courtesy and outward submission of Kabanova, Katerina does not want and cannot live as it is customary in Kalinov: lies, deceit, obeying the undivided power of petty tyrants. This is what caused Katerina's protest.
The topic of fathers and children was raised by I.S. Turgenev in the novel "Fathers and Sons". Considering himself a liberal aristocrat, Pavel Petrovich is proud of his "principles", but this pride is empty, because his "principles" are just words. He is completely unadapted to the new conditions of life, which are a direct threat to his peaceful existence. He treats ordinary people with disdain, and a vicious protest evokes everything new, democratic in him. The Kirsanovs do not want to put up with the fact that their lives are gradually becoming a thing of the past, and they are being replaced by Bazarov, personifying a new generation with his own views.
In Sholokhov's novel Quiet Don» The house of the Melekhovs rests on the supremacy of the elders. Pantelei Prokofich is a hardworking owner, sometimes quick-tempered, but kind and sensitive at heart. Despite the split within the family, Pantelei Prokofich tries to combine pieces of the old way of life into one whole - at least for the sake of his grandchildren and children. To save the family, he forbids Grigory to see Aksinya. However, the son, although he does not openly protest to his father, does not listen to him, decides to do as he wants.
Thus, the problem of "fathers and children" is traditional for Russian classical literature, and sometimes goes beyond the everyday framework, becoming a social conflict.
C2. In what works of Russian literature does the theme of friendship sound and how can these works be compared with Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin"? In what works of Russian writers are pictures of Russian nature displayed?
You need to understand a little the logic of the location of the tasks of part C, in particular C1 and C2. Let's look at an example so you don't have any problems. And we see that there are 4 options for this work. What, in your opinion, is the essence of the concept of "malice" and what are the forms of its manifestation (according to Fonvizin's comedy "Undergrowth")? C1. Formulate the main theme of the fragment and briefly comment on Griboedov’s statement: “I hate caricatures, you won’t find a single one in my picture.
DI. Fonvizin, "Undergrowth" 1781
What is hidden behind the phrase A.I. Goncharova: “The Chatskys live and are not translated in society”? Based on the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"). Who is to blame for the fact that Onegin and Lensky meet in a duel to the death (based on the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin")? What role did the event described in this episode play in future fate hero? How does this episode relate to the epigraph to the novel: “Take care of honor from a young age”?
What is main topic of the given fragment and what figurative means contribute to its disclosure? In what works of Russian writers can one meet profit-hungry heroes and how do these works relate to Gogol's poem " Dead Souls"? C5. Why N.V. Gogol called "Dead Souls" a poem?
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "The Tale of How One Man Feeded Two Generals" 1869 Option 1
As in the poem by N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls" are the story of the "scoundrel" Chichikov and "The Tale of Captain Kopeikin" connected? C1. What role detailed description plays the hero in the composition of Gogol's work? Formulate the main idea of the fragment and briefly comment on the critic's statement: "The famous Bashmachkin remained, in general, a mystery to the reader."
Which fantasy element and for what purpose does Gogol use it in the story and which of the Russians writers of the 19th-XX centuries resorted to fantasy in his work? How does Lermontov define his main artistic task in the novel A Hero of Our Time? How are Pechorin and Werner similar and how do they differ? What are the main ways of depicting the character of the hero in the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" and which of the Russian writers of the 19th century continued this tradition?
C1. For what purpose A.N. Does Ostrovsky include Kuligin's story about the city of Kalinovo and its inhabitants in the text of the play "Thunderstorm"? C2. In the works of which Russian writers (poets, playwrights) does the theme of the city appear, and in what way do these works are consonant with Ostrovsky's play "Thunderstorm"? C1. Why is the chapter "Oblomov's Dream" included in the novel? What is the difference, and what, in your opinion, is the similarity between the characters of the servant and the master?
What questions are related to common issues works are reflected in this fragment? What theme, important for the whole work, is developed in this fragment of the text? How is the main conflict of the work traced in this episode of "Fathers and Sons"? How do the statements and behavior of the characters in this fragment help to understand the essence of their characters?
Can it be argued that Bazarov became the winner in the conflict of "fathers and children"? Explain the meaning, artistic originality and role of this episode in the work. Based on the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons".) Can it be argued that in his works I.S. Turgenev creates images extra people(based on the novel Fathers and Sons)? What role did this dialogue play in the fate of the protagonist of the novel? What role did a chance meeting with this man and acquaintance with his family play in the history of Raskolnikov's crime?
What thoughts and feelings did F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
C2. Remember what details are constantly repeated in the description of St. Petersburg. What do you think becomes major tragedy heroes of the novel "Crime and Punishment", and which heroes of Russian literature have tragic fates? What are the main features of Dostoevsky's psychologism and which of the Russian writers of the 19th century can be called writers-psychologists?
What folklore traditions are represented in the fairy tales of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin
What is the meaning of the title of the novel? What two "poles" can the heroes of the novel "War and Peace" be divided into, and according to what principle? C2. In what works of Russian classics are problems similar to those of the above episode touched upon, and how do they echo Tolstoy's "folk thought"? Explain the meaning of the words "war" and "peace" from the point of view of L.N. Tolstoy, which he expressed, that is how he called his novel. Which artistic technique based on the name?
In what works of Russian literature are the images of “natural”, “natural” people revealed, and in what ways can these heroes be compared with Gorky’s Izergil? What dramatic means and how do they help the author to reveal the characters of the characters in the given fragment? What means psychological characteristics and for what purpose are they used by Turgenev in this fragment? As combined in Dead souls» N.V. Gogol "visible to the world laughter and invisible ... tears"?
What works of Russian classics, affecting the problems of intergenerational relationships, are close to the play by A.N. Ostrovsky and in what?
STEP 1
Phenomenon 5
Kabanova, Kabanov, Katerina and Varvara.
Kabanova. If you want to listen to your mother, then when you get there, do as I ordered you.
Kabanov. But how can I, mother, disobey you!
Kabanova. There is not much respect for elders these days.
Barbara (to herself). Do not respect you, how!
Kabanov. I, it seems, mother, not a step out of your will.
Kabanova. I would have believed you, my friend, if I had not seen with my own eyes and heard with my own ears, what is now the reverence for parents from children! If only they remembered how many diseases mothers endure from children.
Kabanov. I mama...
Kabanova. If a parent that when and insulting, in your pride, says so, I think it could be transferred! A! How do you think?
Kabanov. But when did I, mother, not endure from you?
Kabanova. Mother is old, stupid; well, and you, smart young people, should not exact from us, fools.
Kabanov (sighing, to the side). Oh you, Lord! (To the mother.) Yes, mother, do we dare to think!
Kabanova. After all, out of love, parents are strict with you, out of love they scold you, everyone thinks to teach good. Well, now I don't like it. And the children will go to people to praise that the mother is grumbling, that the mother does not give a pass, she is dying from the light. And, God forbid, one cannot please the daughter-in-law with any word, well, the conversation started that the mother-in-law was completely stuck.
Kabanov. Something, mother, who is talking about you?
Kabanova. I didn’t hear, my friend, I didn’t hear, I don’t want to lie. If only I had heard, I would not have spoken to you, my dear, then. (Sighs.) Oh, a grave sin! That's a long time to sin something! A conversation close to the heart will go on, well, you will sin, get angry. No, my friend, say what you want about me. You will not order anyone to speak; they won’t dare in the eyes, so they will become behind the eyes.
Kabanov. Let your tongue dry.
Kabanova. Complete, complete, don't worry! Sin! I have long seen that your wife is dearer to you than your mother. Since I got married, I don’t see the same love from you.
Kabanov. What do you see, mother?
Kabanova. Yes, everything, my friend! What a mother cannot see with her eyes, she has a prophetic heart, she can feel with her heart. Al wife takes you away from me, I don’t know.
Kabanov. No, mother! what are you, have mercy!
Katerina. For me, mother, it’s all the same, that my own mother, that you, and Tikhon loves you too.
Kabanova. You would, it seems, could be silent, if you are not asked. Do not intercede, mother, I will not offend, I suppose! After all, he is also my son; you don't forget it! What did you jump out in the eyes of something to poke! To see, or what, how you love your husband? So we know, we know, in the eyes of something you prove it to everyone.
Barbara (to herself). Found a place to read.
Katerina. You are talking about me, mother, in vain. With people, that without people, I'm still alone, I don't prove anything from myself.
Kabanova. Yes, I didn’t want to talk about you; and so, by the way, I had to.
(A.N. Ostrovsky, "Thunderstorm".)
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Many Russian writers touched upon the problems of intergenerational relationships in their works.
So in the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" from the chapter "Dream" the reader can find out some details about the childhood of the protagonist. Little Ilyusha was always under the supervision of nannies. The excessive concern of the older generation prevented Oblomov from forming as a person. Spoiled as a child, the boy remained a slave to Oblomovism for the rest of his life.
What is the meaning of life? Can a person accomplish anything important in his life? How to find a goal, get satisfaction from life and achieve everything you want? These and many other questions arise before each individual when, growing up, he passes from the reflex stage of development to the human, where in the definition general behavior and lifestyle begins to dominate his intellect.
The theme of the meaning of life, being, was of interest to many Russian writers. They sought to answer the most difficult questions life: about the Motherland, about love, about happiness, about the laws of the eternal Universe and God.
For example, A. Blok believed that one who understands what the meaning of life is, will comprehend a lot. If a person reveals that the meaning of life is in anxiety, also in anxiety, then he will no longer be a simple layman.
A. S. Griboyedov also reflects eternal problem search for the meaning of life, the problem of children and fathers in numerous of his works, the most striking of which is "Woe from Wit". Its main character A. Chatsky protests against all the old orders that have long been rooted in society. He fights actively for freedom, new life, patriotism and culture.
Other no less famous writer of the last century, I.S. Turgenev, also affects eternal question search for the meaning of life. His famous novel "Fathers and Sons" solves the age-old problem of relationships in a slightly different way. different generations. Using the example of his protagonist, Turgenev shows that if, without the desire to build something new, to do it under oppression, nothing will work. We must strive for the continuity of generations, the value of the culture of our ancestors. Turgenev once again proves in his works that one must live in complete harmony, responsibility and gradualness.
And what about A.S. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin?" It also touches on eternal themes. These are themes of love, the meaning of life, relationships, freedom of choice, the role of morality in our lives.
The desire for complete harmony with the world and with oneself distinguishes another famous hero of the literature of the 19th century - Raskolnikov. This person, in search of such harmony, conducts an experiment on himself. He breaks the law and kills the old woman. What was Raskolnikov looking for? Harmony, freedom, happiness and independence? Aren't these values the meaning of life for many of us? However, it should be remembered that if you go the wrong way to achieve your goals, then the retribution will be too severe.
The heroes of Tolstoy's epic "War and Peace" are also in constant search for themselves, harmony, their way. For example, Pierre Bezukhov, after overcoming numerous painful mistakes and disappointments, finally finds the meaning of his life. He strives for truth, dignity and light. Isn't that the meaning of our existence?
In conclusion, I would like to say that all the literature of the 19th century and not only can be called the literature of an active search for the meaning of life, the search for a Hero. Many writers aspired to see in the heroes people who are able to serve the Motherland, respect others, benefit the Fatherland with their actions and thoughts, and simply be happy, develop, be in harmony with themselves and move forward.
Each of the Russian writers solves the problem of the meaning of life in his own way, but the constant desire to move forward remains unchanged for Russian classics.
USE in Russian. Task C1.
The problem of responsibility, national and human, was one of the central ones in literature in the middle of the 20th century. For example, A.T. Tvardovsky in the poem “By the Right of Memory” calls for a rethinking of the sad experience of totalitarianism. The same theme is revealed in A.A. Akhmatova's poem "Requiem". Sentence state system based on injustice and lies, A.I. Solzhenitsyn makes in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”
Problem careful attitude To cultural heritage has always been at the center of everyone's attention. In the difficult post-revolutionary period, when the change of the political system was accompanied by the overthrow of the old values, Russian intellectuals did everything possible to save cultural relics. For example, Academician D.S. Likhachev prevented Nevsky Prospekt from being built up with typical high-rise buildings. The estates of Kuskovo and Abramtsevo were restored at the expense of Russian cinematographers. Caring for ancient monuments distinguishes Tula residents: the appearance of the historical center of the city, the church, the Kremlin is preserved.
The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.
“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality” (A.S. Pushkin). A man who does not remember his kinship, who has lost his memory, Chingiz Aitmatov called mankurt ( "Stormy Station"). Mankurt is a man forcibly deprived of memory. This is a slave who has no past. He does not know who he is, where he comes from, does not know his name, does not remember childhood, father and mother - in a word, he does not realize himself as a human being. Such a subhuman is dangerous for society - the writer warns.
Quite recently, on the eve of the great Victory Day, young people were asked on the streets of our city if they knew about the beginning and end of the Great Patriotic War, about who we fought, who G. Zhukov was ... The answers were depressing: the younger generation does not know the dates of the start of the war, the names of the commanders, many have not heard about the Battle of Stalingrad, about the Kursk Bulge ...
The problem of forgetting the past is very serious. A person who does not respect history, who does not honor his ancestors, is the same mankurt. One would like to remind these young people the piercing cry from the legend of Ch. Aitmatov: “Remember, whose are you? What is your name?"
“A person needs not three arshins of land, not a farmstead, but the whole Earth. All nature, where in the open space he could show all the properties of a free spirit, ”wrote A.P. Chekhov. Life without purpose is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story "Gooseberry". His hero - Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Gimalaysky - dreams of acquiring his estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. As a result, he reaches it, but at the same time he almost loses his human appearance (“he has become fat, flabby ... - just look, he will grunt in a blanket”). A false goal, fixation on the material, narrow, limited disfigures a person. He needs constant movement, development, excitement, improvement for life ...
I. Bunin in the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and that god he worshipped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.
The image of Oblomov (I.A. Goncharov) is the image of a man who wanted to achieve a lot in life. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams.
M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom" showed the drama " former people who have lost the strength to fight for themselves. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the rooming house and ends there.
N. Gogol, accuser human vices, aggressively looking for a living human soul. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become "a hole in the body of mankind," he passionately urges the reader to go out into adult life, take with you all the "human movements", do not lose them on the road of life.
Life is a movement along an endless road. Some travel along it “with official necessity”, asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? ("Hero of our time"). Others are frightened of this road, run to their wide sofa, because “life touches everywhere, gets it” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual “I”. One of them - Pierre Bezukhov - the hero of the epic novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
At the beginning of his journey, Pierre is far from the truth: he admires Napoleon, is involved in the company of the “golden youth”, participates in hooligan antics along with Dolokhov and Kuragin, too easily succumbs to rough flattery, the cause of which is his huge fortune. One stupidity is followed by another: marriage to Helen, a duel with Dolokhov ... And as a result - a complete loss of the meaning of life. “What's wrong? What well? What should you love and what should you hate? Why live and what am I? - these questions are countless times scrolled in my head until a sober understanding of life comes. On the way to it, both the experience of Freemasonry and the observation of ordinary soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, and a meeting in captivity with the folk philosopher Platon Karataev. Only love moves the world and a person lives - Pierre Bezukhov comes to this thought, finding his spiritual “I”.
In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic war, a former blockade survivor, recalls that, during a terrible famine, his life was saved by a neighbor who brought a can of stew sent by his son from the front to him, a dying teenager. “I am already old, and you are young, you still have to live and live,” said this man. He soon died, and the boy he saved kept a grateful memory of him for the rest of his life.
The tragedy happened in Krasnodar Territory. A fire started in a nursing home where sick old people lived. Among the 62 who were burned alive was 53-year-old nurse Lidia Pachintseva, who was on duty that night. When a fire broke out, she took the old people by the arms, brought them to the windows and helped them escape. But she didn’t save herself - she didn’t have time.
M. Sholokhov has wonderful story"Destiny of Man". It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person the strength to live, the strength to resist fate.
“Satisfied with themselves people”, accustomed to comfort, people with small property interests - the same heroes Chekhov, “people in cases”. This is Dr. Startsev in "Ionyche", and Belikov's teacher "The Man in the Case". Let us remember how Dmitry Ionych Startsev rides “on a troika with bells, plump, red”, and his coachman Panteleimon, “also plump and red”, shouts: “Hold on!” “Hold on right” - this is, after all, detachment from human troubles and problems. On their prosperous path of life there should be no obstacles. And in Belikovsky's "no matter how it happens" we see only an indifferent attitude to the problems of other people. The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals at all, but simply - philistines, townsfolk who imagine themselves to be "masters of life."
Front-line service is an almost legendary expression; there is no doubt that there is no stronger and more devoted friendship between people. literary examples so many. In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" one of the characters exclaims: "There are no bonds brighter than comrades!" But most often this topic was revealed in the literature about the Great Patriotic War. In B. Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet…”, both the anti-aircraft gunners and Captain Vaskov live according to the laws of mutual assistance, responsibility for each other. In K. Simonov's novel The Living and the Dead, Captain Sintsov carries a wounded comrade out of the battlefield.
- The problem of scientific progress.
In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns around dire consequences: bipedal creature with " dog heart"- this is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, there is no love, honor, nobility.
The press reported that very soon there will be an elixir of immortality. Death will be finally defeated. But for many people, this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. What will this immortality mean for a person?
village life.
In Russian literature, the theme of the village and the theme of the motherland were often combined. rural life always perceived as the most serene, natural. One of the first to express this idea was Pushkin, who called the village his office. ON THE. Nekrasov in a poem and poems drew the reader's attention not only to the poverty of peasant huts, but also to how friendly peasant families how hospitable Russian women are. A lot is said about the originality of the farmstead way of life in Sholokhov's epic novel "Quiet Flows the Don". In Rasputin's story "Farewell to Matyora" the ancient village is endowed with historical memory, the loss of which is tantamount to death for the inhabitants.
The theme of labor was repeatedly developed in Russian classical and contemporary literature. As an example, it is enough to recall the novel by I.A. Goncharov “Oblomov”. The hero of this work, Andrei Stoltz, sees the meaning of life not as a result of labor, but in the process itself. We see a similar example in Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryonin's Dvor". His heroine does not perceive forced labor, as punishment, punishment - she treats work as an integral part of existence.
Chekhov's essay "My" she "lists all horrible consequences the effects of laziness on people.
- The problem of the future of Russia.
The topic of the future of Russia was touched upon by many poets and writers. For example, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol digression poem "Dead Souls" compares Russia with a "brisk, irrepressible troika". “Rus, where are you going?” he asks. But the author has no answer to the question. The poet Eduard Asadov in the poem “Russia did not begin with a sword” writes: “The dawn rises, bright and hot. And it will be so forever indestructible. Russia did not begin with a sword, and therefore it is invincible! He is sure that a great future awaits Russia, and nothing can stop it.
Scientists and psychologists have long argued that music can have various effects on nervous system, on the tone of a person. It is generally accepted that the works of Bach increase and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music awakens compassion, cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.
Dmitri Shostakovich's Seventh Symphony has the subtitle "Leningradskaya". But the name "Legendary" suits her better. The fact is that when the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the inhabitants of the city had a huge impact on the 7th symphony of Dmitry Shostakovich, which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy.
- The problem of anticulture.
This problem is relevant even today. Now there is a dominance of “soap operas” on television, which significantly reduce the level of our culture. Literature is another example. Well the theme of "deculturation" is revealed in the novel "The Master and Margarita". MASSOLIT employees write bad works and at the same time dine in restaurants and have dachas. They are admired and their literature revered.
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In Moscow for a long time operated by a gang that was distinguished by particular cruelty. When the criminals were captured, they admitted that their behavior, their attitude to the world was greatly influenced by american film"Natural Born Killers", which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the heroes of this picture in real life.
Many modern athletes watched TV when they were children and wanted to be like the athletes of their time. Through television broadcasts, they got acquainted with the sport and its heroes. Of course, there are also reverse cases, when a person became addicted to the TV, and he had to be treated in special clinics.
I believe that the use foreign words V mother tongue justified only if there is no equivalent. Many of our writers struggled with the clogging of the Russian language with borrowings. M. Gorky pointed out: “It makes it difficult for our reader to stick foreign words into a Russian phrase. It makes no sense to write concentration when we have our own good word- thickening.
Admiral A.S. Shishkov, who for some time held the post of Minister of Education, proposed replacing the word fountain with an awkward synonym he invented - a water cannon. Practicing in word creation, he invented replacements for borrowed words: he suggested speaking instead of an alley - prosad, billiards - a spherical ball, he replaced the cue with a spherical ball, and called the library a bookkeeper. To replace the word he did not like galoshes, he came up with another - wet shoes. Such concern for the purity of the language can cause nothing but laughter and irritation of contemporaries.
Especially strong feeling produces the novel "Plaha". Using the example of a wolf family, the author showed the death of wildlife from economic activity person. And how scary it becomes when you see that, when compared with a person, predators look more humane and "humane" than the "crown of creation." So for the sake of what good in the future does a person bring his children to the chopping block?
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov. “Lake, cloud, tower…” Main character- Vasily Ivanovich is a modest employee who won a pleasure trip to nature.
- The theme of war in literature.
In 1941-1942, the defense of Sevastopol will be repeated. But it will be another Great Patriotic War - 1941-1945. In this war with fascism Soviet people perform an extraordinary feat, which we will always remember. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, B. Vasiliev and many other writers devoted their works to the events of the Great Patriotic War. This hard times It is also characteristic that in the ranks of the Red Army, women fought on an equal footing with men. And even the fact that they are representatives of the weaker sex did not stop them. They struggled with fear within themselves and performed such heroic deeds, which, it seemed, were completely unusual for women. It is about such women that we learn from the pages of B. Vasilyev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet...”. Five girls and their combat commander F. Baskov find themselves on the Sinyukhina Ridge with sixteen fascists who are heading to railway, absolutely sure that no one knows about the progress of their operation. Our fighters found themselves in a difficult situation: it is impossible to retreat, but to stay, because the Germans serve them like seeds. But there is no way out! Behind the Motherland! And now these girls perform a fearless feat. At the cost of their lives, they stop the enemy and prevent him from carrying out his terrible plans. And how carefree was the life of these girls before the war?! They studied, worked, enjoyed life. And suddenly! Planes, tanks, cannons, shots, screams, groans... But they did not break down and gave the most precious thing they had - their lives - for victory. They gave their lives for their country.
The theme of war in Russian literature has been and remains relevant. Writers try to convey to readers the whole truth, whatever it may be.
From the pages of their works, we learn that war is not only the joy of victories and the bitterness of defeat, but war is a harsh everyday life filled with blood, pain, and violence. The memory of these days will live in our memory forever. Perhaps the day will come when the groans and cries of mothers, volleys and shots will subside on earth, when our earth will meet the day without war!
The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the period Battle of Stalingrad when “a Russian soldier was ready to tear a bone out of a skeleton and go against a fascist with it” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people in the "time of grief", their steadfastness, courage, daily heroism - that's true reason victory. In the novel Y. Bondareva "Hot snow" the most tragic moments of the war are reflected, when Manstein's brutalized tanks rush to the group surrounded in Stalingrad. Young gunners, yesterday's boys, are holding back the onslaught of the Nazis with superhuman efforts. The sky was blood-smoked, the snow melted from bullets, the ground burned under their feet, but the Russian soldier survived - he did not allow the tanks to break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, defying all conventions, without award papers, presents orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What can I do, what can I do…” he says bitterly, approaching another soldier. The general could, but the authorities? Why does the state remember the people only in tragic moments of history?
carrier folk morality in the war is, for example, Valega, the orderly of Lieutenant Kerzhentsev from the story. He is barely literate, confuses the multiplication table, will not really explain what socialism is, but for his homeland, for his comrades, for a rickety hut in Altai, for Stalin, whom he has never seen, he will fight to the last bullet. And the cartridges will run out - fists, teeth. Sitting in a trench, he will scold the foreman more than the Germans. And it will come to the point - he will show these Germans where the crayfish hibernate.
Expression " folk character” most of all corresponds to Valega. He went to war as a volunteer, quickly adapted to military hardships, because his peaceful peasant life was not honey. In between fights, he does not sit idle for a minute. He knows how to cut, shave, mend boots, build a fire in the pouring rain, darn socks. Can catch fish, pick berries, mushrooms. And he does everything silently, quietly. A simple peasant boy who is only eighteen years old. Kerzhentsev is sure that such a soldier as Valega will never betray, will not leave the wounded on the battlefield and will beat the enemy mercilessly.
The heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoron metaphor that unites the incompatible. War ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. Get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze with its suddenness. There is such an episode in: a dead soldier lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a smoking cigarette butt stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now - death. And to see this to the hero of the novel is simply unbearable...
But even in war, soldiers do not live by “a single bullet”: in their short hours of rest, they sing, write letters, and even read. As for the heroes of In the Trenches of Stalingrad, Karnaukhov is read by Jack London, the division commander also loves Martin Eden, someone draws, someone writes poetry. The Volga is foaming from shells and bombs, and the people on the shore do not change their spiritual predilections. Perhaps that is why the Nazis did not succeed in crushing them, throwing them back across the Volga, and drying up their souls and minds.
- The theme of the Motherland in literature.
Lermontov in the poem "Motherland" says that he loves motherland, but can not explain for what and why.
In the friendly message "To Chaadaev" the fiery appeal of the poet to the Motherland to dedicate "the souls of beautiful impulses" sounds.
The modern writer V. Rasputin stated: "To speak today about ecology means to speak not about changing life, but about saving it." Unfortunately, the state of our ecology is very catastrophic. This is manifested in the depletion of flora and fauna. Further, the author says that "there is a gradual addiction to danger," that is, a person does not notice how serious the current situation is. Let us recall the problem connected with the Aral Sea. The bottom of the Aral was so bare that the coast from the seaports went tens of kilometers away. The climate has changed dramatically, the extinction of animals has occurred. All these troubles have greatly affected the lives of people living in the Aral Sea. Over the past two decades, the Aral Sea has lost half of its volume and more than a third of its area. The bare bottom of a huge area turned into a desert, which became known as Aralkum. In addition, the Aral contains millions of tons of poisonous salts. This problem cannot but excite people. Expeditions were organized in the 1980s decisive tasks and the causes of the death of the Aral Sea. Doctors, scientists, writers reflected and researched the materials of these expeditions.
V. Rasputin in the article "In the fate of nature - our fate" reflects on the relationship of man with environment. “Today there is no need to guess, “whose groan is heard over the great Russian river.” Then the Volga itself groans, dug up and down, constricted by hydroelectric dams,” the author writes. Looking at the Volga, you especially understand the price of our civilization, that is, the benefits that man has created for himself. It seems that everything that was possible has been defeated, even the future of mankind.
The problem of the relationship of man with the environment raises and contemporary writer Ch. Aitmatov in the work "The Scaffold". He showed how a man with his own hands destroys colorful world nature.
The novel begins with a description of the life of a wolf pack, which lives quietly until the appearance of man. He literally demolishes and destroys everything in his path, not thinking about the surrounding nature. The reason for such cruelty was only the difficulties with the meat delivery plan. People mocked the saigas: "Fear reached such proportions that the she-wolf Akbara, deaf from the shots, thought that the whole world was deaf, and the sun itself is also rushing about and looking for salvation..." Akbara's children die in this tragedy, but this is her grief does not end. Further, the author writes that people started a fire in which five more Akbara wolf cubs die. For the sake of their goals, people could "gut the globe like a pumpkin", not suspecting that nature would also take revenge on them sooner or later. A lonely she-wolf reaches out to people, wants to transfer her maternal love to a human child. It turned out to be a tragedy, but this time for the people. A man in a fit of fear and hatred for the incomprehensible behavior of a she-wolf shoots at her, but hits his own son.
This example speaks of the barbaric attitude of people to nature, to everything that surrounds us. I wish there were more caring and kind people in our lives.
Academician D. Likhachev wrote: "Humanity spends billions not only not to suffocate, not to perish, but also to preserve the nature around us." Of course, everyone is well aware healing power nature. I think that a person should become both its owner, and its protector, and its smart transformer. Beloved unhurried river, Birch Grove, the restless bird world ... We will not harm them, but we will try to protect them.
In this century, man is actively invading the natural processes of the Earth's shells: extracting millions of tons of minerals, destroying thousands of hectares of forests, polluting the waters of seas and rivers, and emitting toxic substances into the atmosphere. One of the most important environmental issues century was water pollution. Sharp deterioration The quality of water in rivers and lakes cannot and will not affect people's health, especially in areas with a dense population. sad environmental impact accidents at nuclear power plants. The echo of Chernobyl swept through the entire European part of Russia, and will affect people's health for a long time to come.
Thus, a person as a result of economic activity causes great damage nature, and at the same time your health. How then can a person build his relationship with nature? Each person in his activity should carefully treat all life on Earth, not tear himself away from nature, not strive to rise above it, but remember that he is part of it.
- The individual and the state.
Zamyatin “We” people are numbers. We only had 2 free hours.
The problem of the artist and power
The problem of the artist and power in Russian literature is perhaps one of the most painful. It is marked by a special tragedy in the history of literature of the twentieth century. A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, O. Mandelstam, M. Bulgakov, B. Pasternak, M. Zoshchenko, A. Solzhenitsyn (the list can be continued) - each of them felt the “care” of the state, and each reflected it in his work. One Zhdanov decree of August 14, 1946 could have been crossed out writer's biography A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko. B. Pasternak created the novel "Doctor Zhivago" during the period of severe government pressure on the writer, during the struggle against cosmopolitanism. The persecution of the writer resumed with particular force after he was awarded Nobel Prize for a novel. The Union of Writers expelled Pasternak from its ranks, presenting him as an internal emigrant, a person discrediting a worthy title Soviet writer. And this is for the fact that the poet told the people the truth about the tragic fate of the Russian intellectual, doctor, poet Yuri Zhivago.
Creativity is the only way of immortality of the creator. “For power, for livery, do not bend either conscience, or thoughts, or neck” - this testament became decisive in the choice creative way true artists.
The problem of emigration
The feeling of bitterness does not leave when people leave their homeland. Some are forcibly expelled, others leave on their own due to some circumstances, but not one of them forgets his Fatherland, the house where he was born, his native land. There are, for example, I.A. Bunin story "Mowers" written in 1921. This story, it would seem, is about an insignificant event: the Ryazan mowers who came to the Oryol region are walking in a birch forest, mow and sing. But it was in this insignificant moment that Bunin managed to discern the immeasurable and distant, connected with all of Russia. The small space of the narrative is filled with radiant light, wonderful sounds and viscous smells, and the result is not a story, but a bright lake, some kind of Svetloyar, in which all of Russia is reflected. Not without reason, while reading "Kostsov" by Bunin in Paris on literary evening(there were two hundred people), according to the memoirs of the writer's wife, many cried. It was a cry for the lost Russia, a nostalgic feeling for the Motherland. Bunin lived in exile most of his life, but wrote only about Russia.
third wave emigrant S.Dovlatov, leaving the USSR, he took with him the only suitcase, “old, plywood, covered with cloth, tied with a clothesline,” - he went with him to the pioneer camp. There were no treasures in it: on top lay double-breasted suit, under it - a poplin shirt, then in turn - a winter hat, Finnish crepe socks, driver's gloves and an officer's belt. These things became the basis for short stories, memories of the homeland. They have no material value, they are signs of priceless, absurd in their own way, but single life. Eight things - eight stories, and each - a kind of report on the past Soviet life. A life that will remain forever with the emigrant Dovlatov.
The problem of the intelligentsia
According to academician D.S. Likhachev, "the basic principle of intelligence is intellectual freedom, freedom as a moral category." An intelligent person is not free only from his conscience. The title of an intellectual in Russian literature is deservedly worn by heroes and. Neither Zhivago nor Zybin compromised with their own conscience. They do not accept violence in any manifestation, be it Civil War or Stalinist repressions. There is another type of Russian intellectual who betrays this high title. One of them is the hero of the story Y. Trifonova "Exchange" Dmitriev. His mother is seriously ill, his wife offers to exchange two rooms for a separate apartment, although the relationship between the daughter-in-law and mother-in-law did not develop in the best way. Dmitriev is initially indignant, criticizing his wife for lack of spirituality, philistinism, but then agrees with her, believing that she is right. There are more and more things in the apartment, food, expensive headsets: the density of everyday life is growing, things are replacing spiritual life. In this regard, another work comes to mind - "Suitcase" by S. Dovlatov. Most likely, the “suitcase” with rags taken by the journalist S. Dovlatov to America would have caused Dmitriev and his wife only a feeling of disgust. At the same time, for the hero Dovlatov, things have no material value, they are a reminder of past youth, friends, and creative searches.
- The problem of fathers and children.
The problem of difficult relationships between parents and children is reflected in the literature. L.N. Tolstoy, I.S. Turgenev, and A.S. Pushkin wrote about this. I want to turn to A. Vampilov's play "The Elder Son", where the author shows the attitude of children towards their father. Both the son and the daughter frankly consider their father a loser, an eccentric, they are indifferent to his experiences and feelings. The father silently endures everything, finds excuses for all the ungrateful deeds of the children, asks them only one thing: not to leave him alone. The protagonist of the play sees how someone else's family is being destroyed before his eyes, and sincerely tries to help the kindest father man. His intervention helps to survive difficult period in the relationship of children to a loved one.
- Quarrel problem. Human enmity.
In Pushkin's story "Dubrovsky", a casually thrown word led to enmity and many troubles for former neighbors. In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the family feud ended in the death of the main characters.
“The word about Igor's regiment” Svyatoslav says “ golden word”, condemning Igor and Vsevolod, who violated feudal obedience, which led to a new attack of the Polovtsy on Russian lands.
In Vasiliev's novel "Don't Shoot White Swans", the modest blunderer Yegor Polushkin almost dies at the hands of poachers. The protection of nature has become for him a vocation and the meaning of life.
IN Yasnaya Polyana a lot of work is done with only one goal - to make this place one of the most beautiful and comfortable.
- Parental love.
In Turgenev's prose poem "Sparrow" we see the heroic deed of a bird. Trying to protect the offspring, the sparrow rushed into battle against the dog.
Also in Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons", Bazarov's parents most of all want to be with their son.
In Chekhov's play The Cherry Orchard” Lyubov Andreevna lost her estate because all her life she was frivolous about money and work.
The fire in Perm occurred due to the rash actions of the organizers of the fireworks, the irresponsibility of the management, the negligence of the inspectors fire safety. The result is the death of many people.
The essay “Ants” by A. Morua tells how a young woman bought an anthill. But she forgot to feed its inhabitants, although they needed only one drop of honey a month.
There are people who do not require anything special from their lives and spend it (life) uselessly and boringly. One of these people is Ilya Ilyich Oblomov.
In Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" the protagonist has everything for life. Wealth, education, position in society and the opportunity to realize any of your dreams. But he is bored. Nothing touches him, nothing pleases him. He does not know how to appreciate simple things: friendship, sincerity, love. I think that's why he's unhappy.
Volkov’s essay “On Simple Things” raises a similar problem: a person needs not so much to be happy.
- Riches of the Russian language.
If you do not use the wealth of the Russian language, you can become like Ellochka Schukina from the work “The Twelve Chairs” by I. Ilf and E. Petrov. She got by with thirty words.
In Fonvizin's comedy "Undergrowth" Mitrofanushka did not know Russian at all.
- Unscrupulousness.
Chekhov's essay “Gone” tells about a woman who completely changes her principles in one minute.
She tells her husband that she will leave him if he commits even one mean act. Then the husband explained to his wife in detail why their family lives so richly. The heroine of the text “left ... to another room. For her, living beautifully and richly was more important than deceiving her husband, although she says quite the opposite.
There is also no clear position in Chekhov's story "Chameleon" by the police overseer Ochumelov. He wants to punish the owner of the dog that bit Khryukin's finger. After Ochumelov learns that the possible owner of the dog is General Zhigalov, all his determination disappears.
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USE in Russian. Task C1.
- The problem of historical memory (responsibility for the bitter and terrible consequences of the past)
The problem of responsibility, national and human, was one of the central ones in literature in the middle of the 20th century. For example, A.T. Tvardovsky in the poem “By the Right of Memory” calls for a rethinking of the sad experience of totalitarianism. The same theme is revealed in A.A. Akhmatova's poem "Requiem". The verdict on the state system based on injustice and lies is passed by A.I. Solzhenitsyn in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”
- The problem of preservation of ancient monuments and respect for them.
The problem of careful attitude to cultural heritage has always remained in the center of general attention. In the difficult post-revolutionary period, when the change of the political system was accompanied by the overthrow of the old values, Russian intellectuals did everything possible to save cultural relics. For example, Academician D.S. Likhachev prevented Nevsky Prospekt from being built up with typical high-rise buildings. The estates of Kuskovo and Abramtsevo were restored at the expense of Russian cinematographers. Caring for ancient monuments distinguishes Tula residents: the appearance of the historical center of the city, the church, the Kremlin is preserved.
The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.
- The problem of attitude to the past, loss of memory, roots.
“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality” (A.S. Pushkin). A man who does not remember his kinship, who has lost his memory, Chingiz Aitmatov called mankurt ("Stormy Station"). Mankurt is a man forcibly deprived of memory. This is a slave who has no past. He does not know who he is, where he comes from, does not know his name, does not remember childhood, father and mother - in a word, he does not realize himself as a human being. Such a subhuman is dangerous for society - the writer warns.
Quite recently, on the eve of the great Victory Day, young people were asked on the streets of our city if they knew about the beginning and end of the Great Patriotic War, about who we fought, who G. Zhukov was ... The answers were depressing: the younger generation does not know the dates of the start of the war, the names of the commanders, many have not heard about the Battle of Stalingrad, about the Kursk Bulge ...
The problem of forgetting the past is very serious. A person who does not respect history, who does not honor his ancestors, is the same mankurt. One would like to remind these young people the piercing cry from the legend of Ch. Aitmatov: “Remember, whose are you? What is your name?"
- The problem of a false goal in life.
“A person needs not three arshins of land, not a farmstead, but the entire globe. All nature, where in the open space he could show all the properties of a free spirit, ”wrote A.P. Chekhov . Life without purpose is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story"Gooseberry" . His hero - Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Gimalaysky - dreams of acquiring his estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. As a result, he reaches it, but at the same time he almost loses his human appearance (“he has become fat, flabby ... - just look, he will grunt in a blanket”). A false goal, fixation on the material, narrow, limited disfigures a person. He needs constant movement, development, excitement, improvement for life ...
I. Bunin in the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and that god he worshipped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.
- The meaning of human life. Search for a life path.
The image of Oblomov (I.A. Goncharov) is the image of a man who wanted to achieve a lot in life. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams.
M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom" showed the drama of "former people" who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the rooming house and ends there.
N. Gogol, the exposer of human vices, is persistently looking for a living human soul. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become "a hole in the body of mankind", he passionately urges the reader, who enters adulthood, to take with him all the "human movements", not to lose them on the road of life.
Life is a movement along an endless road. Some travel along it “with official necessity”, asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? ("Hero of our time"). Others are frightened of this road, run to their wide sofa, because “life touches everywhere, gets it” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual “I”. One of them - Pierre Bezukhov - the hero of the epic novelL.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
At the beginning of his journey, Pierre is far from the truth: he admires Napoleon, is involved in the company of the “golden youth”, participates in hooligan antics along with Dolokhov and Kuragin, too easily succumbs to rough flattery, the cause of which is his huge fortune. One stupidity is followed by another: marriage to Helen, a duel with Dolokhov ... And as a result - a complete loss of the meaning of life. “What's wrong? What well? What should you love and what should you hate? Why live and what am I? - these questions are countless times scrolled in my head until a sober understanding of life comes. On the way to it, and the experience of Freemasonry, and observation of ordinary soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, and a meeting in captivity with the folk philosopher Platon Karataev. Only love moves the world and a person lives - Pierre Bezukhov comes to this thought, finding his spiritual “I”.
- Self-sacrifice. Love for your neighbor. Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity.
In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, a former blockade survivor recalls that during a terrible famine, he, a dying teenager, was saved by a neighbor who brought a can of stew sent by his son from the front. “I am already old, and you are young, you still have to live and live,” said this man. He soon died, and the boy he saved kept a grateful memory of him for the rest of his life.
The tragedy occurred in the Krasnodar Territory. A fire started in a nursing home where sick old people lived.Among the 62 who were burned alive was 53-year-old nurse Lidia Pachintseva, who was on duty that night. When a fire broke out, she took the old people by the arms, brought them to the windows and helped them escape. But she didn’t save herself - she didn’t have time.
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story "The Fate of Man". It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person the strength to live, the strength to resist fate.
- The problem of indifference. callous and callous attitude to a person.
“Satisfied with themselves people”, accustomed to comfort, people with small property interests - the same heroes Chekhov , “people in cases”. This is Dr. Startsev in"Ionyche" , and Belikov's teacher"The Man in the Case". Let us remember how Dmitry Ionych Startsev rides “on a troika with bells, plump, red”, and his coachman Panteleimon, “also plump and red”, shouts: “Hold on!” “Hold on right” - this is, after all, detachment from human troubles and problems. On their prosperous path of life there should be no obstacles. And in Belikovsky's "no matter how it happens" we see only an indifferent attitude to the problems of other people. The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals at all, but simply - philistines, townsfolk who imagine themselves to be "masters of life."
- The problem of friendship, comradely duty.
Front-line service is an almost legendary expression; there is no doubt that there is no stronger and more devoted friendship between people. There are many literary examples of this. In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" one of the characters exclaims: "There are no bonds brighter than comrades!" But most often this topic was revealed in the literature about the Great Patriotic War. In B. Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet…”, both the anti-aircraft gunners and Captain Vaskov live according to the laws of mutual assistance, responsibility for each other. In K. Simonov's novel The Living and the Dead, Captain Sintsov carries a wounded comrade out of the battlefield.
- The problem of scientific progress.
In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.
The press reported that very soon there will be an elixir of immortality. Death will be finally defeated. But for many people, this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. What will this immortality mean for a person?
- The problem of the patriarchal rural way of life. The problem of charm, morally healthy beauty
village life.
In Russian literature, the theme of the village and the theme of the motherland were often combined. Rural life has always been perceived as the most serene, natural. One of the first to express this idea was Pushkin, who called the village his office. ON THE. Nekrasov in a poem and poems drew the reader's attention not only to the poverty of peasant huts, but also to how friendly peasant families are, how hospitable Russian women are. A lot is said about the originality of the farmstead way of life in Sholokhov's epic novel "Quiet Flows the Don". In Rasputin's story "Farewell to Matyora", the ancient village is endowed with historical memory, the loss of which is tantamount to death for the inhabitants.
- Labor problem. The pleasure of meaningful activity.
The theme of labor has been repeatedly developed in Russian classical and modern literature. As an example, it is enough to recall the novel by I.A. Goncharov “Oblomov”. The hero of this work, Andrei Stoltz, sees the meaning of life not as a result of labor, but in the process itself. We see a similar example in Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryonin's Dvor". His heroine does not perceive forced labor as a punishment, punishment - she treats work as an integral part of existence.
- The problem of the influence of laziness on a person.
Chekhov's essay "My" she "lists all the terrible consequences of the influence of laziness on people.
- The problem of the future of Russia.
The topic of the future of Russia was touched upon by many poets and writers. For example, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol in a lyrical digression of the poem "Dead Souls" compares Russia with "a lively, irrepressible troika". “Rus, where are you going?” he asks. But the author has no answer to the question. The poet Eduard Asadov in the poem “Russia did not begin with a sword” writes: “The dawn rises, bright and hot. And it will be so forever indestructible. Russia did not begin with a sword, and therefore it is invincible! He is sure that a great future awaits Russia, and nothing can stop it.
- The problem of the influence of art on man.
Scientists and psychologists have long argued that music can have a different effect on the nervous system, on the tone of a person. It is generally accepted that the works of Bach increase and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music awakens compassion, cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.
Dmitri Shostakovich's Seventh Symphony has the subtitle "Leningradskaya". But the name "Legendary" suits her better. The fact is that when the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the inhabitants of the city had a huge impact on the 7th symphony of Dmitry Shostakovich, which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy.
- The problem of anticulture.
This problem is relevant even today. Now there is a dominance of “soap operas” on television, which significantly reduce the level of our culture. Literature is another example. Well the theme of "deculturation" is revealed in the novel "The Master and Margarita". MASSOLIT employees write bad works and at the same time dine in restaurants and have dachas. They are admired and their literature revered.
- The problem of modern television.
For a long time, a gang operated in Moscow, which was distinguished by particular cruelty. When the criminals were captured, they admitted that their behavior, their attitude to the world was greatly influenced by the American film Natural Born Killers, which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the heroes of this picture in real life.
Many modern athletes watched TV when they were children and wanted to be like the athletes of their time. Through television broadcasts, they got acquainted with the sport and its heroes. Of course, there are also reverse cases, when a person became addicted to the TV, and he had to be treated in special clinics.
- The problem of clogging the Russian language.
I believe that the use of foreign words in the native language is justified only if there is no equivalent. Many of our writers struggled with the clogging of the Russian language with borrowings. M. Gorky pointed out: “It makes it difficult for our reader to stick foreign words into a Russian phrase. It makes no sense to write concentration when we have our own good word - condensation.
Admiral A.S. Shishkov, who for some time held the post of Minister of Education, proposed replacing the word fountain with an awkward synonym he invented - a water cannon. Practicing in word creation, he invented replacements for borrowed words: he suggested speaking instead of an alley - prosad, billiards - a spherical ball, he replaced the cue with a spherical ball, and called the library a bookkeeper. To replace the word he did not like galoshes, he came up with another - wet shoes. Such concern for the purity of the language can cause nothing but laughter and irritation of contemporaries.
- The problem of destruction of natural resources.
If they began to write about the misfortune threatening mankind in the press only in the last ten or fifteen years, then Ch. Aitmatov spoke about this problem back in the 70s in his story "After the Fairy Tale" ("The White Steamboat"). He showed the destructiveness, the hopelessness of the path, if a person destroys nature. It takes revenge by degeneration, lack of spirituality. The same theme is continued by the writer in his subsequent works: "And the day lasts longer than a century" ("Stormy Stop"), "Blach", "Cassandra's Brand".
A particularly strong feeling is produced by the novel "The Scaffolding Block". On the example of a wolf family, the author showed the death of wildlife from human economic activity. And how scary it becomes when you see that, when compared with a person, predators look more humane and "humane" than the "crown of creation." So for the sake of what good in the future does a person bring his children to the chopping block?
- Imposing your opinion on others.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov. “A lake, a cloud, a tower…” The protagonist, Vasily Ivanovich, is a modest office worker who won a pleasure trip to nature.
- The theme of war in literature.
Very often, congratulating our friends or relatives, we wish them a peaceful sky over their heads. We do not want their families to be subjected to the hardships of the war. War! These five letters carry a sea of blood, tears, suffering, and most importantly, the death of people dear to our hearts. There have always been wars on our planet. The pain of loss has always filled the hearts of people. From everywhere where there is a war, you can hear the groans of mothers, the crying of children and deafening explosions that tear our souls and hearts. To our great happiness, we know about the war only from feature films and literary works.
A lot of trials of the war fell on the lot of our country. IN early XIX century, Russia was shaken by the Patriotic War of 1812. The patriotic spirit of the Russian people was shown by L. N. Tolstoy in his epic novel War and Peace. guerrilla war, battle of Borodino- all this and much more appears before our eyes. We are witnessing the terrible everyday life of the war. Tolstoy tells that for many the war has become the most common thing. They (for example, Tushin) commit heroic deeds on the battlefield, but they themselves do not notice it. For them, war is a job that they must do in good faith. But war can become commonplace not only on the battlefield. An entire city can get used to the idea of war and go on living resigned to it. Such a city in 1855 was Sevastopol. L. N. Tolstoy narrates about the difficult months of the defense of Sevastopol in his “ Sevastopol stories". Here, the events taking place are described especially reliably, since Tolstoy is their eyewitness. And after what he saw and heard in a city full of blood and pain, he set himself a definite goal - to tell his reader only the truth - and nothing but the truth. The bombardment of the city did not stop. New and new fortifications were required. Sailors, soldiers worked in the snow, rain, half-starved, half-dressed, but they still worked. And here everyone is simply amazed by the courage of their spirit, willpower, great patriotism. Together with them, their wives, mothers, and children lived in this city. They got so used to the situation in the city that they no longer paid attention to either the shots or the explosions. Very often they brought meals to their husbands right in the bastions, and one shell could often destroy the whole family. Tolstoy shows us that the worst thing in the war takes place in the hospital: “You will see doctors there with their hands bloodied to the elbows ... busy near the bed, on which, with open eyes and speaking, as if in delirium, meaningless, sometimes simple and touching words, lies wounded under the influence of chloroform. War for Tolstoy is dirt, pain, violence, whatever goals it pursues: “... you will see the war not in the correct, beautiful and brilliant formation, with music and its real expression - in blood, in suffering, in death ... ”The heroic defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855 once again shows everyone how much the Russian people love their Motherland and how boldly they defend it. Sparing no effort, using any means, he (the Russian people) does not allow the enemy to seize their native land.
In 1941-1942, the defense of Sevastopol will be repeated. But it will be another Great Patriotic War - 1941-1945. In this war against fascism, the Soviet people will accomplish an extraordinary feat, which we will always remember. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, B. Vasiliev and many other writers devoted their works to the events of the Great Patriotic War. This difficult time is also characterized by the fact that women fought on an equal footing with men in the ranks of the Red Army. And even the fact that they are representatives of the weaker sex did not stop them. They struggled with fear within themselves and performed such heroic deeds, which, it seemed, were completely unusual for women. It is about such women that we learn from the pages of B. Vasilyev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet...”. Five girls and their combat commander F. Baskov find themselves on the Sinyukhina Ridge with sixteen fascists who are heading for the railroad, absolutely sure that no one knows about the course of their operation. Our fighters found themselves in a difficult situation: it is impossible to retreat, but to stay, because the Germans serve them like seeds. But there is no way out! Behind the Motherland! And now these girls perform a fearless feat. At the cost of their lives, they stop the enemy and prevent him from carrying out his terrible plans. And how carefree was the life of these girls before the war?! They studied, worked, enjoyed life. And suddenly! Planes, tanks, cannons, shots, screams, groans... But they did not break down and gave the most precious thing they had - their lives - for victory. They gave their lives for their country.
But there is a civil war on earth, in which a person can give his life without knowing why. 1918 Russia. Brother kills brother, father kills son, son kills father. Everything is mixed up in the fire of malice, everything depreciates: love, kinship, human life. M. Tsvetaeva writes: Brothers, here is the extreme rate! For the third year now, Abel has been fighting with Cain ...
People become weapons in the hands of the authorities. Breaking into two camps, friends become enemies, relatives become forever strangers. I. Babel, A. Fadeev and many others tell about this difficult time.
I. Babel served in the ranks of the First Cavalry Army of Budyonny. There he kept his diary, which later turned into the now famous work “Cavalry”. The stories of Cavalry tell about a man who found himself in the fire of the Civil War. The main character Lyutov tells us about individual episodes of the campaign of the First Cavalry Army of Budyonny, which was famous for its victories. But on the pages of stories we do not feel the victorious spirit. We see the cruelty of the Red Army, their cold-bloodedness and indifference. They can kill an old Jew without the slightest hesitation, but, what is more terrible, they can finish off their wounded comrade without a second's hesitation. But what is all this for? I. Babel did not give an answer to this question. He leaves his reader the right to speculate.
The theme of war in Russian literature has been and remains relevant. Writers try to convey to readers the whole truth, whatever it may be.
From the pages of their works, we learn that war is not only the joy of victories and the bitterness of defeat, but war is a harsh everyday life filled with blood, pain, and violence. The memory of these days will live in our memory forever. Perhaps the day will come when the groans and cries of mothers, volleys and shots will subside on earth, when our earth will meet the day without war!
The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the Battle of Stalingrad, when “a Russian soldier was ready to tear a bone from a skeleton and go against a fascist with it” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people in the “time of grief”, their steadfastness, courage, daily heroism - this is the true reason for victory. In the novelY. Bondareva "Hot snow"the most tragic moments of the war are reflected, when Manstein's brutalized tanks rush to the group surrounded in Stalingrad. Young gunners, yesterday's boys, are holding back the onslaught of the Nazis with superhuman efforts. The sky was blood-smoked, the snow melted from bullets, the ground burned under their feet, but the Russian soldier survived - he did not allow the tanks to break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, defying all conventions, without award papers, presents orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What can I do, what can I do…” he says bitterly, approaching another soldier. The general could, but the authorities? Why does the state remember the people only in tragic moments of history?
The problem of the moral strength of a simple soldier
The bearer of folk morality in the war is, for example, Valega, the orderly of Lieutenant Kerzhentsev from the storyV. Nekrasov "In the trenches of Stalingrad". He is barely literate, confuses the multiplication table, will not really explain what socialism is, but for his homeland, for his comrades, for a rickety hut in Altai, for Stalin, whom he has never seen, he will fight to the last bullet. And the cartridges will run out - fists, teeth. Sitting in a trench, he will scold the foreman more than the Germans. And it will come to the point - he will show these Germans where the crayfish hibernate.
The expression "people's character" most of all corresponds to Valega. He went to war as a volunteer, quickly adapted to the hardships of war, because his peaceful peasant life was not honey either. In between fights, he does not sit idle for a minute. He knows how to cut, shave, mend boots, build a fire in the pouring rain, darn socks. Can catch fish, pick berries, mushrooms. And he does everything silently, quietly. A simple peasant boy who is only eighteen years old. Kerzhentsev is sure that such a soldier as Valega will never betray, will not leave the wounded on the battlefield and will beat the enemy mercilessly.
Problem heroic everyday life wars
The heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoron metaphor that unites the incompatible. War ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. Get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze with its suddenness. There is an episodeV. Nekrasov ("In the trenches of Stalingrad"): the dead soldier lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a smoking cigarette butt stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now - death. And to see this to the hero of the novel is simply unbearable...
But even in war, soldiers do not live by “a single bullet”: in their short hours of rest, they sing, write letters, and even read. As for the heroes of In the Trenches of Stalingrad, Karnaukhov is read by Jack London, the division commander also loves Martin Eden, someone draws, someone writes poetry. The Volga is foaming from shells and bombs, and the people on the shore do not change their spiritual predilections. Perhaps that is why the Nazis did not succeed in crushing them, throwing them back across the Volga, and drying up their souls and minds.
- The theme of the Motherland in literature.
Lermontov in the poem "Motherland" says that he loves his native land, but cannot explain why and why.
Can't start with this greatest monument ancient Russian literature, as "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". To the Russian land as a whole, to the Russian people, all thoughts, all feelings of the author of the “Word ...” are turned. He speaks about the vast expanses of his Motherland, about its rivers, mountains, steppes, cities, villages. But the Russian land for the author of “Words...” is not only Russian nature and Russian cities. This is primarily the Russian people. Narrating about the campaign of Igor, the author does not forget about the Russian people. Igor undertook a campaign against the Polovtsy “for the Russian land”. His warriors are “Rusichi”, Russian sons. Crossing the border of Rus', they say goodbye to their homeland, to the Russian land, and the author exclaims: “O Russian land! You're over the hill."
In the friendly message "To Chaadaev" the fiery appeal of the poet to the Motherland to dedicate "the souls of beautiful impulses" sounds.
- The theme of nature and man in Russian literature.
The modern writer V. Rasputin stated: "To speak today about ecology means to speak not about changing life, but about saving it." Unfortunately, the state of our ecology is very catastrophic. This is manifested in the depletion of flora and fauna. Further, the author says that "there is a gradual addiction to danger," that is, a person does not notice how serious the current situation is. Let us recall the problem connected with the Aral Sea. The bottom of the Aral was so bare that the coast from the seaports went tens of kilometers away. The climate has changed dramatically, the extinction of animals has occurred. All these troubles have greatly affected the lives of people living in the Aral Sea. Over the past two decades, the Aral Sea has lost half of its volume and more than a third of its area. The bare bottom of a huge area turned into a desert, which became known as Aralkum. In addition, the Aral contains millions of tons of poisonous salts. This problem cannot but excite people. In the eighties, expeditions were organized to solve the problems and causes of the death of the Aral Sea. Doctors, scientists, writers reflected and researched the materials of these expeditions.
V. Rasputin in the article "In the fate of nature - our fate" reflects on the relationship of man with the environment. “Today there is no need to guess, “whose groan is heard over the great Russian river.” Then the Volga itself groans, dug up and down, constricted by hydroelectric dams,” the author writes. Looking at the Volga, you especially understand the price of our civilization, that is, the benefits that man has created for himself. It seems that everything that was possible has been defeated, even the future of mankind.
The problem of the relationship between a person and the environment is also raised by the modern writer Ch. Aitmatov in his work "The Block". He showed how a man destroys the colorful world of nature with his own hands.
The novel begins with a description of the life of a wolf pack, which lives quietly until the appearance of man. He literally demolishes and destroys everything in his path, not thinking about the surrounding nature. The reason for such cruelty was only the difficulties with the meat delivery plan. People mocked the saigas: "Fear reached such proportions that the she-wolf Akbara, deaf from the shots, thought that the whole world was deaf, and the sun itself is also rushing about and looking for salvation..." Akbara's children die in this tragedy, but this is her grief does not end. Further, the author writes that people started a fire in which five more Akbara wolf cubs die. For the sake of their goals, people could "gut the globe like a pumpkin", not suspecting that nature would also take revenge on them sooner or later. A lonely she-wolf reaches out to people, wants to transfer her maternal love to a human child. It turned out to be a tragedy, but this time for the people. A man in a fit of fear and hatred for the incomprehensible behavior of a she-wolf shoots at her, but hits his own son.
This example speaks of the barbaric attitude of people to nature, to everything that surrounds us. I wish there were more caring and kind people in our lives.
Academician D. Likhachev wrote: "Humanity spends billions not only not to suffocate, not to perish, but also to preserve the nature around us." Of course, everyone is well aware of the healing power of nature. I think that a person should become both its owner, and its protector, and its smart transformer. A slow-moving river, a birch grove, a restless bird world ... We will not harm them, but we will try to protect them.
In this century, man is actively invading the natural processes of the Earth's shells: extracting millions of tons of minerals, destroying thousands of hectares of forests, polluting the waters of seas and rivers, and emitting toxic substances into the atmosphere. Water pollution has become one of the most important environmental problems of the century. A sharp deterioration in the quality of water in rivers and lakes cannot and will not affect people's health, especially in areas with a dense population. The environmental consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants are sad. The echo of Chernobyl swept through the entire European part of Russia, and will affect people's health for a long time to come.
Thus, as a result of economic activity, a person causes great damage to nature, and at the same time to his health. How then can a person build his relationship with nature? Each person in his activity should carefully treat all life on Earth, not tear himself away from nature, not strive to rise above it, but remember that he is part of it.
- The individual and the state.
Zamyatin “We” people are numbers. We only had 2 free hours.
The problem of the artist and power
The problem of the artist and power in Russian literature is perhaps one of the most painful. It is marked by a special tragedy in the history of literature of the twentieth century. A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, O. Mandelstam, M. Bulgakov, B. Pasternak, M. Zoshchenko, A. Solzhenitsyn (the list can be continued) - each of them felt the “care” of the state, and each reflected it in his work. One Zhdanov decree of August 14, 1946 could have crossed out the writer's biography of A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko. B. Pasternak created the novel "Doctor Zhivago" during the period of severe government pressure on the writer, during the struggle against cosmopolitanism. The persecution of the writer resumed with particular force after he was awarded the Nobel Prize for the novel. The Union of Writers expelled Pasternak from its ranks, presenting him as an internal emigrant, a person who discredits the worthy title of a Soviet writer. And this is for the fact that the poet told the people the truth about the tragic fate of the Russian intellectual, doctor, poet Yuri Zhivago.
Creativity is the only way of immortality of the creator. “For power, for livery, do not bend either conscience, or thoughts, or neck” - this is a testamentA.S. Pushkin ("From Pindemonti")became decisive in choosing the creative path of true artists.
The problem of emigration
The feeling of bitterness does not leave when people leave their homeland. Some are forcibly expelled, others leave on their own due to some circumstances, but not one of them forgets his Fatherland, the house where he was born, his native land. There are, for example, I.A. Bunin's story "Mowers" written in 1921. This story, it would seem, is about an insignificant event: the Ryazan mowers who came to the Oryol region are walking in a birch forest, mow and sing. But it was in this insignificant moment that Bunin managed to discern the immeasurable and distant, connected with all of Russia. The small space of the narrative is filled with radiant light, wonderful sounds and viscous smells, and the result is not a story, but a bright lake, some kind of Svetloyar, in which all of Russia is reflected. Not without reason, during the reading of "Kostsov" by Bunin in Paris at a literary evening (there were two hundred people), according to the memoirs of the writer's wife, many cried. It was a cry for the lost Russia, a nostalgic feeling for the Motherland. Bunin lived in exile most of his life, but wrote only about Russia.
third wave emigrant S.Dovlatov , leaving the USSR, he took with him the only suitcase, “old, plywood, covered with cloth, tied with a clothesline,” - he went with him to the pioneer camp. There were no treasures in it: a double-breasted suit lay on top, a poplin shirt underneath, then, in turn, a winter hat, Finnish crepe socks, driver's gloves and an officer's belt. These things became the basis for short stories, memories of the homeland. They have no material value, they are signs of a priceless, absurd in their own way, but the only life. Eight things - eight stories, and each - a kind of report on the past Soviet life. A life that will remain forever with the emigrant Dovlatov.
The problem of the intelligentsia
According to academician D.S. Likhachev, "the basic principle of intelligence is intellectual freedom, freedom as a moral category." An intelligent person is not free only from his conscience. The title of an intellectual in Russian literature is deservedly carried by heroesBoris Pasternak (Doctor Zhivago) And Y. Dombrovsky ("Faculty of unnecessary things"). Neither Zhivago nor Zybin compromised with their own conscience. They do not accept violence in any manifestation, be it the Civil War or Stalin's repressions. There is another type of Russian intellectual who betrays this high title. One of them is the hero of the storyY. Trifonova "Exchange"Dmitriev. His mother is seriously ill, his wife offers to exchange two rooms for a separate apartment, although the relationship between the daughter-in-law and mother-in-law was not in the best way. Dmitriev is initially indignant, criticizing his wife for lack of spirituality, philistinism, but then agrees with her, believing that she is right. There are more and more things in the apartment, food, expensive headsets: the density of everyday life is growing, things are replacing spiritual life. In this regard, another work comes to mind -"Suitcase" by S. Dovlatov. Most likely, the “suitcase” with rags taken by the journalist S. Dovlatov to America would have caused Dmitriev and his wife only a feeling of disgust. At the same time, for the hero Dovlatov, things have no material value, they are a reminder of past youth, friends, and creative searches.
- The problem of fathers and children.
The problem of difficult relationships between parents and children is reflected in the literature. L.N. Tolstoy, I.S. Turgenev, and A.S. Pushkin wrote about this. I want to turn to A. Vampilov's play "The Elder Son", where the author shows the attitude of children towards their father. Both the son and the daughter frankly consider their father a loser, an eccentric, they are indifferent to his experiences and feelings. The father silently endures everything, finds excuses for all the ungrateful deeds of the children, asks them only one thing: not to leave him alone. The protagonist of the play sees how someone else's family is being destroyed before his eyes, and sincerely tries to help the kindest man-father. His intervention helps to survive a difficult period in the relationship of children to a loved one.
- Quarrel problem. Human enmity.
In Pushkin's story "Dubrovsky", a casually thrown word led to enmity and many troubles for former neighbors. In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the family feud ended in the death of the main characters.
“The Word of Igor's Campaign” Svyatoslav utters the “golden word”, condemning Igor and Vsevolod, who violated feudal obedience, which led to a new attack of the Polovtsy on Russian lands.
- Caring for the beauty of the native land.
In Vasiliev's novel "Don't Shoot White Swans", the modest blunderer Yegor Polushkin almost dies at the hands of poachers. The protection of nature has become for him a vocation and the meaning of life.
A lot of work is being done in Yasnaya Polyana with only one goal - to make this place one of the most beautiful and comfortable.
- Parental love.
In Turgenev's prose poem "Sparrow" we see the heroic deed of a bird. Trying to protect the offspring, the sparrow rushed into battle against the dog.
Also in Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons", Bazarov's parents most of all want to be with their son.
- Responsibility. Rash acts.
In Chekhov's play The Cherry Orchard, Lyubov Andreevna lost her estate because all her life she was careless about money and work.
The fire in Perm occurred due to the rash actions of the organizers of the fireworks, the irresponsibility of the management, the negligence of fire safety inspectors. The result is the death of many people.
The essay “Ants” by A. Morua tells how a young woman bought an anthill. But she forgot to feed its inhabitants, although they needed only one drop of honey a month.
- About simple things. The theme of happiness.
There are people who do not require anything special from their lives and spend it (life) uselessly and boringly. One of these people is Ilya Ilyich Oblomov.
In Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" the protagonist has everything for life. Wealth, education, position in society and the opportunity to realize any of your dreams. But he is bored. Nothing touches him, nothing pleases him. He does not know how to appreciate simple things: friendship, sincerity, love. I think that's why he's unhappy.
Volkov’s essay “On Simple Things” raises a similar problem: a person needs not so much to be happy.
- Riches of the Russian language.
If you do not use the wealth of the Russian language, you can become like Ellochka Schukina from the work “The Twelve Chairs” by I. Ilf and E. Petrov. She got by with thirty words.
In Fonvizin's comedy "Undergrowth" Mitrofanushka did not know Russian at all.
- Unscrupulousness.
Chekhov's essay “Gone” tells about a woman who completely changes her principles in one minute.
She tells her husband that she will leave him if he commits even one mean act. Then the husband explained to his wife in detail why their family lives so richly. The heroine of the text “left ... to another room. For her, living beautifully and richly was more important than deceiving her husband, although she says quite the opposite.
There is also no clear position in Chekhov's story "Chameleon" by the police overseer Ochumelov. He wants to punish the owner of the dog that bit Khryukin's finger. After Ochumelov learns that the possible owner of the dog is General Zhigalov, all his determination disappears.
