It is difficult to imagine childhood without fairy tales. At any, even the most hard time, in every country, mothers must tell their children legends, traditions and fictional stories. It should be noted that it is in the poorest countries that folklore is most widespread.
Fairy tales do more than pass the time. They develop the child's imagination and simulate situations that can occur in real life. It is from these, sometimes unpretentious, stories that we first learn about good and evil, learn to feel and empathize, gradually preparing to enter into adult life.
What are fairy tales?
Writers distinguish 2 main types: folk and author's. Folklore was passed from mouth to mouth and came to us from antiquity. But the author's fairy tale is a complete literary work written certain person. Such tales are relatively young. However, they are often based on folk art. Let us consider these flows in more detail.
folk tale
Since ancient times, legends have been a way to escape from hard working days, brighten up a long winter evening or monotonous work, and express one's attitude to life. Passed from mouth to mouth, fairy tales were transformed, enriched with new storylines and heroes.
Getting acquainted with folk art, one can notice a desperate desire for justice. Here the truth will always triumph over falsehood, reason will prevail over stupidity, courage and diligence are emphatically superior to laziness and cowardice. ancient folklore allows you to fully feel the connection with the ancestors, joining the origins of culture.
Folk tales are of three types:
- fairy tales about animals.
These are the same fairy tales that should be read the very first (up to 5-6 years). They involve permanent characters (bear, wolf, fox, hare, hedgehog, etc.). Mainly indicated permanent signs animals (the fox is cunning, the bear is strong, the cat is smart, the hare is timid, etc.). Of these tales, copulative ones stand out - selected according to the principle of plot connection (“Turnip”, “Kolobok”, “Teremok”). Many of them have a childish language tint (a mouse-norushka, a cat - a little white tummy);
They show real life, social content, ridicule negative human qualities. High moral qualities do not belong to the rich and people of high rank, but to representatives of the people (soldier, old man). It is not money and strength that win, but intelligence and skill. Sharp negative characteristics are given to the master, the priest, the king and others. Such fairy tales appeared when there was a desire to change the social system, and they expressed the democratic mood of the people (the author). In social fairy tales, puns, humor, shifters, laughter, satire are widely used .;
- fairy tales.
They involve romantic heroes, which embody the most best qualities person. Mandatory for this fairy tale: image goodie+ helpers + magic items. The main thing in such fairy tales: the struggle for love, for truth, for good. They are characterized by rich language, colorful definitions, negative characters- fantastic (Baba Yaga, Leshy, Kikimora, Serpent Gorynych). As for the building fairy tales, then fairy-tale beginnings (once upon a time) are obligatory, the middle (the morning is wiser than the evening, how long is it short) and the ending (and I was there, I drank honey - beer);
Animals have been an integral part of human life since ancient times.
It is thanks to animals that humanity survives throughout its history of many thousands of years. Therefore, it is not surprising that quadrupeds and birds are very common in folk tales. Animals can be the only characters in a fairy tale, or they can coexist with a person, and on an equal footing. hallmark is that the action takes place in real world.
A fairy tale is called a fairy tale, the action of which is transferred to a fictional world.
They have their own laws, different from those of the earth. Such fiction is replete with magical events and adventures.
A feature of a household tale is an attempt to reflect the essence everyday life and everyday folk life. Here they usually go up social problems and negative human qualities are condemned. However, these stories may have elements of a fairy tale. As a rule, greedy priests are ridiculed here, and a man or a soldier acts as a hero, who will definitely emerge victorious from all troubles.
literary tale
Literary tales are more diverse in plot, the narrative is more saturated.
Literary tales by genre:
- fairy tale about animals;
- fairy tale;
- novelistic fairy tale;
- anecdotal tale;
- fiction.
by the most famous storytellers are A.S. Pushkin, K.D. Ushinsky, H.K. Andersen, the Brothers Grimm, E. Schwartz, V. Bianchi, J. R. R. Tolkien and many other wonderful storytellers.
Regardless of the type and genre of fairy tales, they all have a unifying beginning - goodness. Therefore, read fairy tales to children, even if it seems to you that they have long passed this age.
The classification of fairy tales. Character traits each kind
The most important ideas, the main problems, the plot cores and, most importantly, the alignment of forces that carry out good and evil, in fact, are the same in fairy tales. different peoples. In this sense, any fairy tale knows no boundaries, it is for all mankind.
Folkloristics has devoted a lot of research to the fairy tale, but defining it as one of the genres of oral folk art still remains an open problem. The heterogeneity of fairy tales, an extensive thematic range, the variety of motives and characters they contain, an uncountable number of ways to resolve conflicts really make the task genre definition fairy tales are quite complex.
And yet, the divergence in views on the fairy tale is associated with what is regarded in it as the main thing: an orientation towards fiction or the desire to reflect reality through fiction.
The essence and vitality of a fairy tale, the secret of its magical being is in the constant combination of two elements of meaning: fantasy and truth.
On this basis, a classification of types of fairy tales arises, although not quite uniform. Thus, with a problem-thematic approach, fairy tales dedicated to animals, fairy tales about unusual and supernatural events, adventure fairy tales, social and everyday life, fairy tales-anecdotes, shifting fairy tales and others are distinguished.
The groups of fairy tales do not have sharply delineated boundaries, but despite the fragility of the distinction, such a classification allows the child to start a substantive conversation about fairy tales within the framework of a conditional "system" - which, of course, facilitates the work of parents and educators.
To date, the following classification of Russians has been adopted folk tales:
1. Tales about animals;
2. Fairy tales;
3. Household fairy tales.
Let's take a closer look at each type.
Animal Tales
Folk poetry embraced the whole world, its object was not only man, but also all life on the planet. Depicting animals, the fairy tale gives them human features, but at the same time fixes and characterizes habits, "way of life", etc. Hence the lively, tense text of fairy tales.
Man has long felt a kinship with nature, he really was a part of it, fighting with it, seeking protection from it, sympathizing and understanding. The later introduced fable, parable meaning of many fairy tales about animals is also obvious.
In fairy tales about animals, fish, animals, birds act, they talk to each other, declare war on each other, and make peace. Such tales are based on totemism (belief in a totem beast, the patron of the clan), which resulted in the cult of the animal. For example, the bear, which became the hero of fairy tales, according to the ideas of the ancient Slavs, could predict the future. Often he was thought of as a terrible, vindictive beast, not forgiving offenses (the fairy tale "The Bear"). The further the faith in that goes, the more confident a person becomes in his abilities, the more possible his power over the animal, the "victory" over him. This happens, for example, in the fairy tales "The Man and the Bear", "The Bear, the Dog and the Cat". Fairy tales differ significantly from beliefs about animals - in the latter, big role plays fiction associated with paganism. The wolf in beliefs is wise and cunning, the bear is terrible. The fairy tale loses its dependence on paganism, becomes a mockery of animals. Mythology in it turns into art. The fairy tale is transformed into a kind of artistic joke - a criticism of those creatures that are meant by animals. Hence the proximity of such tales to fables ("The Fox and the Crane", "The Beasts in the Pit").
Tales about animals stand out in a special group according to their character. actors. They are divided into types of animals. Tales about plants, inanimate nature (frost, sun, wind), about objects (bubble, straw, bast shoes) adjoin here.
In fairy tales about animals, man:
1) plays minor role(the old man from the fairy tale "The Fox steals fish from the cart");
2) occupies a position equivalent to an animal (a man from the fairy tale "Old bread and salt is forgotten").
Possible classification of the fairy tale about animals.
First of all, the animal tale is classified according to the main character (thematic classification). This classification is given in the index fairy tales world folklore, compiled by Arne-Thomson and in the "Comparative Index of Plots. East Slavic Fairy Tale":
1. Wild animals.
Other wild animals.
2. Wild and domestic animals
3. Man and wild animals.
4. Pets.
5. Birds and fish.
6. Other animals, objects, plants and natural phenomena.
The next possible classification of the animal tale is the structural-semantic classification, which classifies the tale according to genre. There are several genres in the fairy tale about animals. V. Ya. Propp singled out such genres as:
1. Cumulative fairy tale about animals.
3. Fable (apologist)
4. Satirical tale
E. A. Kostyukhin singled out genres about animals as:
1. Comic (household) fairy tale about animals
2. Magic fairy tale about animals
3. Cumulative Animal Tale
4. Novelistic tale about animals
5. Apologist (fable)
6. Joke.
7. Satirical tale about animals
8. Legends, stories, everyday stories about animals
9. Fables
Propp, in the basis of his classification of the fairy tale about animals by genre, tried to put a formal sign. Kostyukhin, on the other hand, partly based his classification on a formal feature, but basically the researcher divides the genres of fairy tales about animals according to content. This allows a deeper understanding of the diverse material of the fairy tale about animals, which demonstrates the variety of structural constructions, the diversity of styles, and the richness of content.
A third possible classification of animal tales is that of the target audience. Allocate fairy tales about animals to:
1. Children's fairy tales.
Fairy tales told for children.
Tales told by children.
2. Adult fairy tales.
This or that genre of fairy tale about animals has its own target audience. The modern Russian fairy tale about animals mainly belongs to the children's audience. Thus, fairy tales told for children have a simplified structure. But there is a genre of fairy tale about animals that will never be addressed to children - this is the so-called. A "naughty" ("cherished" or "pornographic") tale.
About twenty plots of animal tales are cumulative tales. The principle of such a composition is the repeated repetition of a plot unit. Thompson, S., Bolte, J. and Polivka, I., Propp identified fairy tales with cumulative composition as a special group of fairy tales. Cumulative (chain-like) composition is distinguished:
1. With endless repetition:
Boring tales like "About the white bull".
A unit of text is included in another text ("The priest had a dog").
2. With End Repeat:
- "Turnip" - plot units grow into a chain until the chain breaks.
- "Cockerel choked" - the chain is untwisted until the chain breaks.
- "For a little duck" - the previous unit of text is denied in the next episode.
Another genre form fairy tales about animals is the structure of a fairy tale ("Wolf and seven kids", "Cat, rooster and fox").
The leading place in fairy tales about animals is occupied by comic tales - about the tricks of animals ("A fox steals fish from a sleigh (from a cart)," A wolf at an ice-hole "," A fox smears his head with dough (sour cream), "The beaten unbeaten one is lucky", "The midwife fox ", etc. e) that affect others fairy tale genres animal epic, especially the apologist (fable). The plot core of a comic fairy tale about animals is a chance meeting and a trick (deception, according to Propp). Sometimes they combine several meetings and tricks. The hero of a comic tale is a trickster (one who performs tricks). The main trickster of the Russian fairy tale is the fox (in the world epic - the hare). Its victims are usually a wolf and a bear. It has been observed that if the fox acts against the weak, it loses, if against the strong, it wins. It comes from archaic folklore. In the modern animal tale, the victory and defeat of the trickster often receives a moral assessment. The trickster in the tale is opposed to the simpleton. It can be a predator (wolf, bear), and a person, and a simpleton animal, like a hare.
A significant part of animal tales is occupied by an apologist (fable), in which there is not a comic principle, but a moralizing, moralizing one. At the same time, the apologist does not have to have a moral in the form of an ending. Morality follows from the plot situations. Situations must be unambiguous in order to easily form moral conclusions. Typical examples of an apologist are fairy tales where contrasting characters collide (Who is more cowardly than a hare?; Old bread and salt is forgotten; A splinter in the paw of a bear (lion). An apologist can also be considered such plots that have been known in a literary fable since ancient times (Fox and sour grapes, the crow and the fox, and many others). moral standards have already decided and are looking for a suitable form for themselves. In fairy tales of this type, only a few plots with the tricksters' tricks were transformed; part of the plots of the apologist (not without the influence of literature) worked out himself. The third way for the development of an apologist is the growth of paremia (proverbs and sayings. But unlike paremia, in an apologist the allegory is not only rational, but also sensitive.
Next to the apologist is the so-called short story about animals, singled out by E. A. Kostyukhin. A short story in an animal tale is a story about unusual cases with a fairly developed intrigue, with sharp turns in the fate of the characters. The trend towards moralization determines the fate of the genre. It has a more definite morality than in the apologist, the comic beginning is muted, or completely removed. The mischief of the comic fairy tale about animals is replaced in the short story with a different content - entertaining. Classic example novelistic fairy tale about animals - this is "Grateful animals". Most of the plots of a folklore short story about animals are formed in literature, and then pass into folklore. The easy transition of these plots is due to the fact that they themselves literary plots based on folklore.
Speaking about satire in fairy tales about animals, it must be said that literature once gave impetus to the development of a satirical fairy tale. The condition for the appearance of a satirical tale occurs in late middle ages. The satirical effect in a folklore tale is achieved by the fact that social terminology is put into the mouths of animals (Fox confessor; Cat and wild animals). The plot "Ruff Ershovich", which is a fairy tale of book origin, stands apart. Having appeared late in a folk tale, satire did not gain a foothold in it, since social terminology can easily be removed from a satirical tale.
So in the 19th century, a satirical tale is unpopular. The satire within the animal tale is only an accent in an extremely small group of animal stories. And on satirical tale influenced by the laws of the animal fairy tale with the antics of the trickster. The satirical sound was preserved in fairy tales, where the trickster was in the center, and where there was a complete absurdity of what was happening, then the fairy tale became a fiction.
Fairy tales
Fairy tales of the magical type include magical, adventure, heroic. At the heart of such fairy tales lies a wonderful world. The wonderful world is an objective, fantastic, unlimited world. Thanks to unlimited fantasy and the wonderful principle of organizing material in fairy tales with wonderful world possible "transformation", striking in its speed (children grow by leaps and bounds, every day they become stronger or more beautiful). Not only the speed of the process is unreal, but also its very character (from the fairy tale "The Snow Maiden". "Look, the Snow Maiden's lips turned pink, her eyes opened. Then she shook off the snow and left the snowdrift live girl"Conversion" in fairy tales of the miraculous type, as a rule, takes place with the help of magical creatures or objects.
Basically, fairy tales are older than others, they bear traces of a person's primary acquaintance with the world around him.
The fairy tale is based on complex composition, which has an exposition, plot, plot development, climax and denouement.
The plot of a fairy tale is based on a story about overcoming a loss or shortage, with the help of miraculous means, or magical helpers. In the exposition of the tale, there are consistently 2 generations - the older (the king with the queen, etc.) and the younger - Ivan with his brothers or sisters. Also in the exposition there is an absence of the older generation. An enhanced form of absence is the death of parents. The plot of the story is that main character either the heroine discovers a loss or shortage, or there are motives for the prohibition, violation of the prohibition and subsequent trouble. Here is the beginning of opposition, i.e. sending a hero from home.
The development of the plot is a search for the lost or missing.
The climax of the fairy tale is that the protagonist or heroine fights an opposing force and always defeats it (the battle equivalent is solving difficult problems that are always solved).
Resolution is overcoming a loss or lack. Usually the hero (heroine) at the end "reigns" - that is, acquires a higher social status than he had in the beginning.
V.Ya. Propp reveals the monotony of a fairy tale at the plot level on a purely syntagmatic plane. It reveals the invariance of a set of functions (the actions of actors), the linear sequence of these functions, as well as a set of roles, in a certain way distributed among specific characters and correlated with functions. Functions are distributed among seven characters:
Antagonist (pest)
Donor
Assistant
Princess or her father
sender
False hero.
Meletinsky, highlighting five groups of fairy tales, is trying to resolve the issue historical development genre in general, and plots in particular. The tale contains some motifs characteristic of totemic myths. The mythological origin of the universally widespread fairy tale about marriage with a wonderful "totem" creature, which temporarily shed its animal shell and assumed a human form, is quite obvious ("A husband is looking for a disappeared or kidnapped wife (a wife is looking for a husband)", "The Frog Princess", " The Scarlet Flower"etc.). A fairy tale about visiting other worlds to free the captives who are there ("Three underworld kingdoms" and etc.). Popular fairy tales about a group of children falling into the power of an evil spirit, a monster, a cannibal and escaping thanks to the resourcefulness of one of them ("The Witch's Thumb Boy", etc.), or about the murder of a mighty snake - a chthonic demon ("The Conqueror of the Serpent", etc. .). The fairy tale is actively developed family theme("Cinderella" and others). For a fairy tale, a wedding becomes a symbol of compensation for the socially disadvantaged ("Sivko-Burko"). Socially disadvantaged hero younger brother, stepdaughter, fool) at the beginning of the tale, endowed with all the negative characteristics from his environment, is endowed with beauty and intelligence at the end ("Humpbacked Horse"). The distinguished group of fairy tales about wedding trials draws attention to the story of personal destinies. The novelistic theme in a fairy tale is no less interesting than the heroic one. Propp classifies the genre of fairy tale by the presence in the main test of "Battle - Victory" or by the presence of "Hard task - Solving a difficult task". The household fairy tale became a logical development of a fairy tale.
Household fairy tales
A characteristic feature of everyday fairy tales is the reproduction of everyday life in them. The conflict of everyday fairy tales often consists in the fact that decency, honesty, nobility under the guise of rusticity and naivety oppose those personality traits that have always caused sharp rejection among the people (greed, anger, envy).
As a rule, in everyday fairy tales there is more irony and self-irony, since Good triumphs, but the accidental or singularity of its victory is accentuated.
The diversity of everyday fairy tales is characteristic: social-everyday, satirical-everyday, novelistic and others. Unlike fairy tales, everyday fairy tale contains a more significant element of social and moral criticism, it is more definite in its social preferences. Praise and condemnation in everyday fairy tales sound stronger.
IN Lately V methodical literature information began to appear about a new type of fairy tales - about fairy tales of a mixed type. Of course, fairy tales of this type have existed for a long time, but they were not given of great importance, because they forgot how much they can help in achieving educational, educational and developmental goals. In general, fairy tales of a mixed type are fairy tales of a transitional type.
They combine the features inherent in both fairy tales with a wonderful world, everyday fairy tales. Elements of the miraculous also appear in the form of magical objects around which the main action is grouped.
Tale in different forms and scale strives to embody the ideal of human existence.
The fairy tale's belief in the intrinsic value of noble human qualities, the uncompromising preference for the Good, is also based on a call for wisdom, activity, and true humanity.
Fairy tales broaden horizons, arouse interest in the life and work of peoples, instill a sense of trust in all the inhabitants of our Earth, engaged in honest work.
Our life is simply impossible to imagine without fairy tales. We get to know them in early childhood. For the first time, we learn from fairy tales that there is good and bad, good and evil in the world. Fairy tales awaken and develop the imagination, teach little man distinguish good from bad, think, feel and empathize, gradually preparing him for entry into adulthood. First, my mother reads to us “Turnip” and “Ryaba the Hen”, then introduces us to Magic world fairy tales by Pushkin and Charles Perrault. And there we are already reading amazing tales Nikolai Nosov, Vitaly Bianchi and Evgeny Schwartz. And what are fairy tales?
Fairy tales happen
- folk, or folklore;
- literary, or copyright.
The folk tale came to us from time immemorial. After a heavy labor day or long winter evenings, with a torch lit in the hut, people folded and listened to fairy tales. Then they retold them to each other, simplifying or embellishing, enriching them with new heroes and events. So they passed from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation. But fairy tales were formed not only for the sake of entertainment, in them people wanted to express their attitude to life. In folk tales, we see faith in reason, goodness and justice, the triumph of truth over falsehood, the glorification of courage and bravery, neglect of stupidity, hatred of enemies or mockery of them. A folk tale allows you to feel a connection with the past and gives you the opportunity to join the origins of folk culture.
Folk tales, in turn, are divided into three types:
- fairy tales about animals;
- fairy tales;
- household stories.
From time immemorial, animals have lived next to humans, so it is not surprising that they are often the main characters in folk tales. Moreover, in fairy tales, animals often have human qualities. Such fairy tale character immediately becomes more understandable to the reader. And the role of a person in the plot of a fairy tale can be primary, secondary or equal. By genre, there are fairy tales about animals and cumulative (repeated tales). hallmark cumulative fairy tale is the repeated repetition of a plot unit, as, for example, in "Turnip" and "Ryaba the Hen".
Fairy tales are distinguished by the fact that their characters act in a fantasy, unreal world, which lives and acts according to its own special laws, different from human ones. Such a fairy tale is replete with magical events and adventures that excite the imagination. Fairy tales are classified by plot:
- heroic tales associated with the struggle and victory over a magical creature - a snake, an ogre, a giant, a witch, a monster or an evil wizard;
- fairy tales related to finding or using some magical item;
- fairy tales related to wedding trials;
- fairy tales about the oppressed in the family (for example, about the stepdaughter and the evil stepmother).
A feature of everyday fairy tales is the reflection of everyday folk life and everyday life. They raise social problems, ridicule negative human qualities and actions. In a household fairy tale, elements of a fairy tale may also be present. In everyday fairy tales, as a rule, greedy priests and stupid landowners are ridiculed, and the hero of the fairy tale (a man, a soldier) emerges victorious from all troubles.
What is a literary tale?
At literary fairy tale there is an author, so it is also called copyright. This piece of art which can be written in prose or verse. The plot of a literary tale can be based on folklore sources, and may be exclusively original idea of the author. A literary fairy tale is more diverse in plot, the narration in it is more saturated, it is replete with various literary devices. In it, as in a folk tale, there is also fiction and magic. But the predecessor author's fairy tale, of course, there was a folk tale, it is too connected with the folklore that gave birth to it. The author, individual author's fantasy, selection from the treasury of folklore only what the author needs to express and shape his thoughts and feelings - this is the main difference between a literary fairy tale and a folklore one.
Fine examples of a literary tale are the tales of A.S. Pushkin, K.D. Ushinsky, G.Kh. Andersen, the Brothers Grimm, E. Schwartz, V. Bianchi, JRR Tolkien and many other wonderful storytellers.
Despite the difference in types and genres, all fairy tales have one unifying principle - goodness. After all the ups and downs and untruths in a fairy tale, goodness and justice always win. Can not be evil tales. Fairy tales are only good. That's why they are fairy tales.
Funny and sad, scary and funny, they are familiar to us from childhood. Our first ideas about the world, good and evil, about justice are connected with them.
Fairy tales are loved by both children and adults. They inspire writers and poets, composers and artists. Based on fairy tales, performances and films are staged, operas and ballets are created. Fairy tales have come to us from ancient times. They were told by poor wanderers, tailors, retired soldiers.
Fairy tale- one of the main types of oral folk art. Artistic narration fantasy, adventure or everyday character.
Folk tales are divided into three groups:
Animal Tales - the most ancient view fairy tales. They have their own circle of heroes. Animals talk and act like people. The fox is always cunning, the wolf is stupid and greedy, the hare is cowardly.
Everyday fairy tales - the heroes of these fairy tales - a peasant, a soldier, a shoemaker - live in the real world and usually fight with a gentleman, priest, general. They win thanks to resourcefulness, intelligence and courage.
Fairy tales - the heroes of fairy tales fight to the death, defeat enemies, save friends, facing evil spirit. Most of these tales are connected with the search for a bride or a kidnapped wife.
Fairy tale composition:
1. Beginning. (“In a certain kingdom, in a certain state they lived, they were ...”).
2. The main part.
3. Ending. (“They began to live - to live and make good” or “They arranged a feast for the whole world ...”).
Heroes of fairy tales:
Favorite hero of Russian fairy tales - Ivan Tsarevich, Ivan the Fool, Ivan - peasant son. This is a fearless, kind and noble hero who defeats all enemies, helps the weak and wins happiness for himself.
An important place in Russian fairy tales is given to women - beautiful, kind, smart and hardworking. These are Vasilisa the Wise, Elena the Beautiful, Marya Morevna or Sineglazka.
The embodiment of evil in Russian fairy tales is most often Koschey the Immortal, the Serpent Gorynych and Baba Yaga.
Baba Yaga is one of the most ancient characters in Russian fairy tales. This is a terrible and evil old woman. She lives in the forest in a hut on chicken legs, rides in a mortar. Most often, it harms the heroes, but sometimes it helps.
Serpent Gorynych - a fire-breathing monster with several heads, flying high above the ground - is also very famous character Russian folklore. When the Serpent appears, the sun goes out, a storm rises, lightning flashes, the earth trembles.
Features of Russian folk tales:
In Russian fairy tales, there are often repeated definitions: a good horse; Gray wolf; red girl; good fellow, as well as combinations of words: a feast for the whole world; go wherever your eyes look; hung his wild head; neither in a fairy tale to tell, nor to describe with a pen; soon a fairy tale is told, but not soon the deed is done; long, short...
Often in Russian fairy tales, the definition is placed after the word being defined, which creates a special melodiousness: my dear sons; the sun is red; written beauty...
Short and truncated forms of adjectives are characteristic of Russian fairy tales: the sun is red; hung his wild head; - and verbs: seize instead of grab, go instead of go.
The language of fairy tales is characterized by the use of nouns and adjectives with various suffixes, which give them a diminutive - pet meaning: little-y, little brother, rooster-ok, sun-yshk-o ... All this makes the presentation smooth, melodious, emotional. Various amplifying-excretory particles also serve the same purpose: that, that's what, ka ... (That's a miracle! I'll go to the right. What a miracle!)
From time immemorial, fairy tales have been close and understandable common people. Fantasy intertwined with reality. Living in need, people dreamed of flying carpets, palaces, self-assembled tablecloths. And always in Russian fairy tales justice triumphed, and good triumphed over evil. It is no coincidence that A. S. Pushkin wrote: “What a charm these fairy tales are! Each is a poem!
MBOU "Petrushinskaya secondary school"
Research work: What are fairy tales.
Performed: Klimenkova Veronika
Supervisor: teacher primary school Klimenkova Olga Nikolaevna
1. Introduction.
2. The main part.
3. Conclusion.
4. List of references.
Introduction:
Great planet Earth
And do not count miracles on it.
They say that even somewhere
There is one magical forest.
All the birches are there in earrings
And not scary at all
There is a hut on chicken legs
Invites you to relax.
In that fairy forest
Wonder horses drink dew
Wonder birds sing
Miracle lake glitters...
V. Suslov
Do you like fairy tales? I think that everyone loves fairy tales: both adults and children. They live everywhere: in the dense forest, in the field. A fairy tale originated with a person, and as long as a person lives, a fairy tale is also alive. They have many different miracles.
I got acquainted with a fairy tale when I was still very young and could not read, then my mother and grandmother read fairy tales to me ... I listened to them with pleasure. Now I'm in the second grade, I can read myself, Reading fairy tales, I noticed that all fairy tales are different. In some, the main characters are animals, in others, people and magical creatures. And I began to worry about the question "What are fairy tales?".
Hypothesis: I made the assumption that fairy tales are different and arose a very long time ago.
Target: find out what fairy tales are and when they originated.
To achieve the goal of the research work, I had to solve the following
tasks:
5. Draw conclusions.
Research methods. Reflections, reading books, questioning, analysis of results.
To solve the tasks, I went to the library, looked at fairy tale books in my library at home and read them, went on the Internet with Olga Nikolaevna and found information about the types of fairy tales, made up questions for the survey:
1. Do you like a fairy tale and why?
2. How long ago did fairy tales appear?
3. Do you think all fairy tales are the same?
4. What does a fairy tale teach?
25 students participated in the survey elementary school 1-4 grades. As a result of the survey, 100% of students answered the question: Do you like a fairy tale and why? When asked why, they answered: “Because it’s interesting.” To the next question: How long ago did the fairy tale appear? 80% of students answered that they appeared a long time ago, 15% answered that the fairy tale appeared not so long ago, and 5% answered I don’t know. The question is, are all fairy tales the same? 100% of the respondents answered: "All fairy tales are different." And to the fourth question: What does a fairy tale teach? 63% of the children answered that the fairy tale teaches kindness, 20% of the respondents answered that the fairy tale teaches mutual help, 11% of the respondents answered that the fairy tale teaches justice and 6% of the respondents answered that the fairy tale teaches love for people. Then I read such fairy tales on my own: Russian folk “Porridge from an ax”, “Thrush and the Fox”, “The Frog Princess”, “Po pike command". "The Fox and the Crane", Brothers Grimm "Rapunzel", Hans Christian Anderson "Thumbelina", Dutch fairy tale "Snow White", A.S. Pushkin "The Tale of dead princess and about the seven heroes”, Charles Perrault “Cinderella”, “Puss in Boots”.
Main part.
What is a fairy tale?
At all times of his life, man has encountered difficulties and unexplained phenomena in the reality around him. And there was always a desire to overcome, to know the world. Dreams about this were reflected in oral folklore, one of the forms of which is a fairy tale.
Fairy tale- one of the most popular and favorite genres in the folklore and literature of the peoples of the world.
IN additional literature I found this definition of a fairy tale:
Fairy tales
Fairy tales appeared long before the invention of books, and even writing. They were composed by the people in ancient times and, passing them from mouth to mouth, carefully carried them through the centuries.
Scholars have interpreted the story in different ways. Everything that was related to fiction was called a fairy tale. A number of folklore researchers called everything that “affected” a fairy tale.
fairy world alive. Mandatory attributes of this world are miracles, unusual animals, birds, plants, sudden transformations, talismans, prophetic words.
The classification of fairy tales.
I divided the fairy tales I read into two groups: literary (author's) and folk. These two groups can be divided into fairy tales: fairy tales, household tales, animal tales and epic tales.
Folk
Types of fairy tales
magical
Animal Tales
household
Heroic (epics)
Folk- these are those who do not have a specific author, the tale was passed on from mouth to mouth among the people and no one will say by whom it was originally written. For example, fairy tales familiar to everyone from childhood: “Gingerbread Man”, “Turnip”, “Pockmarked Hen”, etc.
Tales about animals.
They involve permanent characters (bear, wolf, fox, hare, hedgehog, etc.). Basically, the constant signs of animals are indicated (the fox is cunning, the bear is strong, the cat is smart, the hare is timid, etc.). For example, from those fairy tales that I read, these are “The Thrush and the Fox”, “The Fox and the Crane”.
Magic tales.
They involve romantic heroes who embody the best qualities of a person. Mandatory for this fairy tale: the image of a good hero + helpers + magic items. The main thing in such fairy tales: the struggle for love, for truth, for good. In fairy tales there are negative characters - fantastic (Baba Yaga, Goblin, Kikimora, Serpent Gorynych). These stories have a beginning, a middle, and an ending. Magic tales. For example, from those fairy tales that I read are the Russian folk tale "The Frog Princess", the Brothers Grimm "Rapunzel", Hans Christian Anderson "Thumbelina", the Dutch folk tale "Snow White", A.S. Pushkin "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs", Charles Perrault "Cinderella", Russian folk tale "At the command of the pike".
household tales.
They show real life, ridicule negative human qualities. Most often it is greed and vices of rich people. For example, from those fairy tales that I read, this is the tale “Porridge from an ax”, “Two geese”.
Heroic tales(epics).
B elyny- This folk songs. They were created for performance at holidays, at feasts. They were performed by special people - storytellers who, from memory, recited epics in a singsong voice and accompanied themselves on the harp.
In epics you can learn not only about the exploits, battles of Russian heroes, but also about the life of people in those days: where they lived, how they dressed, with whom they traded, what kind of crafts they had, how they worked.
Research results.
General conclusions.
Thus, in all the fairy tales I read, I noted her structure of the structure, and it was basically the same. This tip. “And I was there ...” “Soon a fairy tale is affecting ...” Fairy tales have a beginning (beginning). In the beginning, the heroes of the fairy tale, the place and time of the action are determined. “They lived - they were ...”, “They lived - they were ...”. Fairy tales have beginnings: “In a certain kingdom, in a certain state”, “Once upon a time”, “In distant kingdom, in a distant state.
The stories also have unique endings. This is how fairy tales traditionally end: “They live, live and make good”, “I was there, I drank honey and beer. It flowed down the mustache, it didn’t get into the mouth. ” Sometimes the ending is a proverb. Basically, in all fairy tales, heroes are tested, but he has helpers, for example, Snow White was helped by gnomes, and the Tsarevich from the fairy tale “The Frog Princess” was helped by animals to whom he rendered a service. It should be noted that in fairy tales there are repetitions, most often they are three times.
Analysis of the research results.
Based on the connections between various objects, phenomena, actions of heroes in a fairy tale, one can draw a conclusion about its essence. The story has been around for a very long time. The very word "fairy tale" (tale) in Russian did not appear until the 17th century. But this does not mean that until that time there were no fairy tales.
All fairy tales are divided into two types: folk and literary (author's). Moreover, they can be household, magical, heroic and fairy tales about animals.
Conclusion.
In the course of the research itself, I found answers to many questions. I have read many folk and author's fairy tales. I learned that there are not only Russian folk tales, but also other peoples of the world, not only folk, but also literary (author's). I really enjoyed analyzing stories. I learned to draw conclusions: who is the main character of the fairy tale, what does he look like, I learned about the essence of the fairy tale itself.
I realized that the fairy tale arose in antiquity, but remained beloved and understandable by us. I would like to involve my classmates in reading and analyzing fairy tales so that they love fairy tales and can not only read them, but also tell them. My research work will be useful to me in the classroom literary reading, because throughout the study we will get acquainted with various fairy tales. Fairy tales teach us to help others, look at ourselves from the outside and correct our shortcomings. They teach kindness, love, and so on.
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"What are fairy tales"
Research on the topic "What are fairy tales"
Completed by: Klimenkova Veronika
Head: primary school teacher Klimenkova Olga Nikolaevna
Great planet Earth
And do not count miracles on it.
They say that even somewhere
There is one magical forest.
In this fabulous forest
Wonder horses drink dew
Wonder birds sing
Miracle lake glitters...
V. Suslov
Hypothesis
Fairy tales are different and originated a long time ago
Target : Find out what fairy tales are and when they originated.
To achieve my goal, I had to solve the following tasks :
1. Find in additional literature and study the definition of a fairy tale;
3. Reveal the classification of fairy tales;
4. Conduct a survey on the topic of work among primary school students of our school;
5. Make a conclusion.
Object of study : fairy tales and folk tales. Research methods : reflection, reading books, questioning, analysis of results.
Questionnaire
1. Do you like fairy tales and why?
2. How long ago did the fairy tale appear?
3. Do you think all fairy tales are the same?
4. What does a fairy tale teach?
Poll results
- Do you like fairy tales and why?
100% - yes, because it's interesting
2. How long ago did the fairy tale appear?
80% - appeared a long time ago, 15% - appeared not so long ago, 5% - I don't know
3. Are all fairy tales the same?
100% - all fairy tales are different
4. What does a fairy tale teach?
63% - goodness, 20% - mutual assistance, 11% - justice, 6% - love for people.
Fairy tales- These are entertaining stories about unusual, fictional events and adventures.
All over the world, people tell stories to entertain each other. Sometimes fairy tales help to understand what is bad in life and what is good.
Fairy tales read
Russian folk: "Porridge from an ax", "Thrush and Fox", "Princess Frog", "By the Pike's Command", "Fox and Crane".
G.H. Anderson "Thumbelina".
C. Perrot "Cinderella", "Puss in Boots".
Brothers Grimm Rapunzel.
Dutch fairy tale "Snow White" ...
Fairy tale classification
Folk
Types of fairy tales
magical
Heroic
Animal Tales
The structure of the fairy tale.
1. Saying: “Soon the fairy tale is told, but the deed is not done soon”
2. Beginning: "In a certain kingdom, in a certain state"; "Lived once…"
3. Ending: “They live and get good”; “And I was there, drinking honey-beer. It flowed down the mustache, it didn’t get into the mouth ”
Conclusion
Fairy tales have been around for a long time.
They are divided into two types: folk and literary (author's).
Moreover, they can be household, magical, heroic
and stories about animals.
Bibliography:
1. V.I. Dal Dictionary Russian language - Moscow, 2007;
2. Collection The best fairy tales world - RIPOL Classic, 2008;
3. Collection of Russian folk tales - Moscow "Makhaon", 2004;
4. Means of the Internet.
